UA-.NETStandard/docs/Scales.md

OPC UA for Weighing Technology (OPC 40200)

The Opc.Ua.Scales* packages implement OPC 40200 Weighing Technology 2.00, the companion specification for scales and scale systems. It builds on OPC 40001-1 Machinery, OPC 10000-100 Device Integration and OPC 30050 PackML.

• Server side: fluent builders publish scales with a working runtime. That runtime covers weighing arithmetic, zero and tare, product handling, statistics, the type-specific methods, recipes, PackML state machines, events and alarms.
• Client side: a client discovers the scales, reads them into typed snapshots, drives their methods and streams weights and notifications.

Contents

• Library layout
• The model
• Where a scale lives
• Quick start — server
• Quick start — client
• Server hosting
• Builder reference
• Runtime reference
• Client reference
• Contracts reference
• Conformance matrix
• Samples
• Testing
• Troubleshooting
• Known limitations
• Model provenance
• Where the specification and the NodeSet disagree
• See also

Library layout

Package	Contents
Opc.Ua.PackML	The source-generated OPC 30050 PackML model. It also has PackMLStateMachineController, which drives the nested base / machine / execute state machines with their transition events
Opc.Ua.Scales	The source-generated OPC 40200 model. ScalesModel maps the 14 scale kinds, their product types and the Annex C notifications. ScalesProfiles holds the 21 facet URIs. The package also has the contracts both sides share
Opc.Ua.Scales.Server	ScalesNodeManager, the builders IScaleBuilder / IScaleSystemBuilder / IScaleModuleBuilder / IProductionPresetBuilder, the runtime handles and controllers, and the AddScales() / ConfigureScales() hosting pipeline
Opc.Ua.Scales.Client	ScalesClient for discovery, weighing, products, PackML, the type methods, recipes, snapshots and streaming. Also AddScalesClient()

The contracts (ScaleIdentification, WeighingRangeDefinition, ScaleReading, ScaleSnapshot, …) live in the model package. The server fills them from its process and the client reads them back, and neither side references the other.

All four packages target the stack's library frameworks. They are marked NativeAOT-compatible on net10.0, and so are both samples.

The model

Model URI	C# namespace	Model loader
http://opcfoundation.org/UA/Scales/V2/	Opc.Ua.Scales	AddOpcUaScales
http://opcfoundation.org/UA/PackML/	Opc.Ua.PackML	AddOpcUaPackML

A Scales server must also expose the DI, IA, Machinery and PackML namespaces (§13.1, Table 186). ScalesNodeManager loads all five into one node manager.

ScaleDeviceType is abstract. Every scale is one of 14 concrete subtypes, and ScaleKind names them:

ScaleKind	ObjectType	Product type	Facet	Runtime controller
Simple	SimpleScaleType	SimpleProductType	Simple Scale	—
Laboratory	LaboratoryScaleType	SimpleProductType	Laboratory Scale	LaboratoryController
Hopper	HopperScaleType	SimpleProductType	Hopper Scale	HopperController
WeighingModule	WeighingModuleType	SimpleProductType	Weighing Bridge	—
AutomaticFilling	AutomaticFillingScaleType	AutomaticFillingProductType	AutomaticFillingScale	AutomaticFillingController
Catchweigher	CatchweigherType	CatchweigherProductType	Catchweigher	zones in ScaleProductionPreset
Checkweigher	CheckweigherType	CheckweigherProductType	Checkweigher	checkweigher statistics
AutomaticWeightPriceLabeler	AutomaticWeightPriceLabelerType	AutomaticWeightPriceLabelerProductType	AutomaticWeightPriceLabeler	zones
Continuous	ContinuousScaleType	ContinuousProductType	Continuous Scale	ContinuousController
LossInWeight	LossInWeightScaleType	ContinuousProductType	LossInWeight Scale	LossInWeightController
PieceCounting	PieceCountingScaleType	PieceCountingProductType	PieceCountingScale	PieceCountingController
Recipe	RecipeScaleType	RecipeProductType	RecipeScale	RecipeController
TotalizingHopper	TotalizingHopperScaleType	TotalizingHopperProductType	Totalizing Hopper Scale	—
Vehicle	VehicleScaleType	VehicleProductType	Vehicle Scale	VehicleController

• ScalesModel.ObjectTypeOf, KindOf, ProductTypeOf and AllKinds map between the kinds and the type NodeIds.
• ScalesProfiles.FacetOf(kind) returns the facet URI of a kind.
• ScaleSystemType groups several scales. FeederModuleType and PrinterModuleType are sub-devices of a scale.

The weight itself is a WeightItemType variable (§9.3) with a WeightType value of Gross, Net and Tare. Properties such as Overload, Underload, TareMode, WeightStable, InsideZero and CurrentRangeId qualify it. Every scale has CurrentWeight; RegisteredWeight holds the last value RegisterWeight recorded.

Where a scale lives

A scale is both a DI device and a Machinery machine, so a conforming server publishes the top-level node in two places:

• as a child of the DI DeviceSet, and
• through an Organizes reference from the Machinery Machines folder. The Scales specification never mentions this folder. It is still required transitively, because the mandatory Machinery Machine Identification facet includes the CU Machinery Find Machines.

ScalesNodeManager does both by default (ScalesServerOptions.OrganizeIntoMachinesFolder). With the option turned off, the server no longer advertises the facets that include Machinery Machine Identification: Base Scale and every kind facet, Scale System, Feeder Module and Printer Module. The production preset and SI unit facets do not include it and stay advertised.

Everything below a top-level node follows the DI modular-device pattern (§6.3):

DeviceSet
├── PackingLine1              ScaleSystemType      (notifier)
│   └── SubDevices
│       └── Checkweigher1     CheckweigherType     (notifier, HasNotifier from PackingLine1)
│           └── SubDevices
│               ├── Infeed    FeederModuleType     (notifier, HasNotifier from Checkweigher1)
│               └── Labeler   PrinterModuleType    (notifier, HasNotifier from Checkweigher1)
└── AnalyticalBalance         LaboratoryScaleType  (notifier)

• SupportedTypes. The NodeSet's SupportedTypes folders carry no Organizes references. The builders add them per instance.
• Event notifiers. Every event source is a notifier: scale systems, scales, weighing modules, and feeder and printer modules. A nested source is linked from its nearest notifier ancestor by HasNotifier. A client can therefore subscribe to a nested scale directly, or to the system and receive the events of everything below it.

Quick start — server

builder.Services
    .AddOpcUa()
    .AddServer(options => { /* application name, endpoints, … */ })
    .AddScales()
    .ConfigureScales(async context =>
    {
        ScalesNodeManager manager = context.Manager;
        ScaleHandle scale = await manager.CreateScaleAsync(
            new QualifiedName("AnalyticalBalance", manager.InstanceNamespaceIndex),
            ScaleKind.Laboratory,
            b => b
                .WithIdentification(new ScaleIdentification
                {
                    Manufacturer = new LocalizedText("Contoso Lab"),
                    SerialNumber = "AB-220",
                    ProductInstanceUri = "urn:contoso:weighing:AB-220"
                })
                .WithWeighingRange(new WeighingRangeDefinition(0, 0.22, 0.0000001, 0.000001))
                .WithUnit(ScaleUnits.Kilogram)
                .WithAllowedEngineeringUnits(ScaleUnits.Kilogram, ScaleUnits.Gram)
                .WithWeightDetails()
                .WithZeroAndTare()
                .WithRegisterWeight()
                .WithTypeFeatures(),
            context.CancellationToken);

        // Keep the handle; the process publishes loads through it.
        scale.PublishLoad(0.1);
    });

WithIdentification and at least one WithWeighingRange are required, because Identification and <ListOfWeighingRanges> are mandatory (§7.4.2). Every other member is materialised only when a builder call asks for it, and the runtime binds exactly what was materialised. For example, a scale built without WithZeroAndTare has no SetZero method, not one that fails.

Quick start — client

ScalesClient scales = session.Scales(telemetry);   // registers the OPC 40200 structures
if (!scales.IsSupported)
{
    return;
}

await foreach (ScaleEntry entry in scales.EnumerateScalesAsync(ct))
{
    ScaleSnapshot snapshot = await scales.ReadSnapshotAsync(entry, ct);
    Console.WriteLine($"{entry.DisplayName.Text}: {snapshot.CurrentWeight.Gross}");
}

await scales.SetTareAsync(scaleId, ct);
ScaleReading? registered = await scales.RegisterWeightAsync(scaleId, ct);

await foreach (ScaleReading reading in scales.ObserveWeightAsync(scaleId, cancellationToken: ct))
{
    Console.WriteLine(reading.Net);
}

Create the client through session.Scales(...). It registers the OPC 40200 encodeable types, so WeightType and the recipe structures decode into their generated classes. Without it they arrive as ExtensionObject.

Server hosting

AddScales and ConfigureScales

• AddScales(configure) registers ScalesNodeManager and validates the options. It also claims the Device Integration address space, because the node manager loads DI itself.
• ConfigureScales(...) registers a delegate that runs once the address space exists. It comes in sync and async overloads.
  • Delegates run in registration order.
  • An exception aborts server startup.
  • The delegate receives an IScalesSetupContext with the Manager, the CancellationToken and GetRequiredService<T>().

A second DI owner, such as AddOpcUaDi, is rejected with an InvalidOperationException at registration time.

Options

ScalesServerOptions	Default	Meaning
OrganizeIntoMachinesFolder	true	Add top-level scales and systems to the Machinery Machines folder; required for every facet that includes Machinery Machine Identification
RequireSiUnits	false	Accept only SI mass units as method inputs and advertise the International System of Units facet
PackMLInitialState	Idle	The state a PackML state machine starts in (Aborted, Stopped or Idle)
ZeroSettingRange	0.04	The zero band as a fraction of the capacity, for SetZero, InsideZero and underload
AdditionalNamespaceUris	[]	Extra namespaces for vendor extensions

Creating scales

ScalesNodeManager member	Purpose
CreateScaleAsync(name, kind, configure[, parent])	A scale below the DeviceSet, or below an explicit parent
CreateScaleSystemAsync(name, configure)	A scale system with its scales
Scales, ScaleSystems, FindScale(nodeId)	The handles of everything created, weighing modules and system scales included
LockService	The DI ILockService behind product locking
NamespaceIndices	The runtime indices of the Scales, DI, Machinery, PackML and IA namespaces
ServerProfiles, ConformanceUnits	What the server advertises, derived from what was built

Builder reference

IScaleBuilder

Call	Materialises
WithIdentification(identification)	The mandatory Machinery Identification add-in, mirrored onto the DI nameplate. Manufacturer, SerialNumber and ProductInstanceUri are required
WithWeighingRange(range)	One WeighingRangeElementType. Call it once per range of a multi-range scale; ranges are ordered by capacity
WithUnit(unit)	The engineering unit of every weight (default kilogram)
WithAllowedEngineeringUnits(units)	AllowedEngineeringUnits, which SetPresetTare checks against (§7.4.3). Published automatically with the scale unit when a method takes a unit
WithMinimalWeight(weight)	MinimalWeight
WithLegalForTrade()	LegalForTrade. Weights round to the verification interval e instead of d
WithWeightDetails()	The optional WeightItemType properties: WeightStable, InsideZero, CenterOfZero, GrossNegative, CurrentRangeId, WeightId, HighResolutionValue, PrintableValue
WithZeroAndTare(presetTare)	SetZero, SetTare, ClearTare and, unless presetTare is false, SetPresetTare
WithRegisterWeight()	RegisterWeight and RegisteredWeight
WithProductionPreset(configure)	ProductionPreset with products; see below
WithProductionOutput()	ProductionOutput statistics (CheckweigherStatisticType counters on a checkweigher)
WithPackMLState()	The PackML State machine, driven by PackMLStateMachineController
WithMachineryBuildingBlocks()	MachineryItemState, MachineryOperationMode and the MachineryBuildingBlocks folder, wired as add-ins
WithProcessState(id, message)	ProcessStateId and ProcessStateMessage
WithTypeFeatures()	Every optional member of the kind, for example the laboratory draft shields, the vehicle weighing methods, recipe management, or the continuous-scale figures and master totalizer
WithRecipeFiles()	A RecipeFile on every recipe of a recipe scale (FileRecipeManagement)
AddTotalizer(name)	A <Totalizer> on a continuous or loss-in-weight scale
AddFeederModule(name, configure) / AddPrinterModule(name, configure)	Sub-devices below SubDevices
AddWeighingModule(name, configure)	A WeighingModuleType sub-device. It is a scale of its own with its own builder and handle
With<TState>(configure)	Direct access to the typed node for anything not covered above

IProductionPresetBuilder

Call	Effect
AllowSelection()	SelectProduct, DeselectProduct, SwitchProduct and CurrentProducts (SelectProduct)
AllowManagement()	AddProduct and RemoveProduct (ManageProduct, DynamicProductAddressSpace)
WithLocking()	A DI Lock on every product. A client changes a product only while holding the lock (§7.8.3)
AddProduct(id, name, configure)	A product of the kind's product type. configure gets the typed node, for example to set a checkweigher's NominalWeight
Select(id)	Puts the product into processing

A preset without AllowManagement is a StaticProductAddressSpace. It needs at least one product, because <Product> is a mandatory placeholder.

IScaleSystemBuilder and IScaleModuleBuilder

A system takes WithIdentification, WithProcessState, WithProductionPreset, WithProductionOutput, WithPackMLState (its SystemState) and WithMachineryBuildingBlocks. AddScale(name, kind, configure) adds each scale. §7.3.3 says the scales of one system must be of different types. The builder does not enforce this.

A module takes WithIdentification, whose identification node is a MachineryComponentIdentificationType because the declared MachineryItemIdentificationType is abstract, and WithMachineryBuildingBlocks. A feeder also takes WithFeederSpeed(min, max, unit, initial). A printer takes WithLabel(labelTypeId, length, width, unit).

Runtime reference

ScaleHandle

The application publishes the raw load. The handle does the rest.

Member	Purpose
PublishLoad(rawLoad, stable)	Evaluates the load and publishes CurrentWeight with every property
SetZero(), SetTare(), ClearTare(), SetPresetTare(value, unit), RegisterWeight()	The same operations the methods run, for local operator panels
CurrentReading, RegisteredReading	The last published values as ScaleReading
WeightRegistered	Raised on every registration, whether by method or locally
CommandInterceptor	A Func<ScaleCommand, ServiceResult> that can veto any method before it runs, for example while the machine is interlocked
Notifications	Events and alarms, see below
PackML, ProductionPreset, ProductionOutput	The PackML controller, the product runtime and the statistics
Continuous, LossInWeight, PieceCounting, Laboratory, Hopper, Vehicle, Recipes, AutomaticFilling	The kind-specific controller, or null
Modules, WeighingModules	Feeder/printer handles and weighing-module scale handles
SetItemState, SetOperationMode, SetProcessState	The Machinery states and the process state
Update(action)	Runs application code that writes several values of the scale (for example typed nodes reached through With<TState>) as one step

Threading. The runtime members of a scale, of its type controller and of its feeder and printer modules take the scale's lock, so they are safe to call from any thread. A client method call and an equipment-side report such as SetActivity or CompleteCalibration therefore never interleave: a method that checks a flag sees either the whole report or none of it. The lock is re-entrant, so code inside Update may call these members.

The recipe controller, the production preset, the statistics, the notifications, the PackML controller and a continuous scale's totalizers synchronise on locks of their own. They are thread-safe as well, but Update does not keep their calls out. The Update delegate runs under the scale's lock and holds up every method call on the scale meanwhile, so keep it short and synchronous: no I/O, no waiting and no calls into other locks.

• Operator commands (SetZero, SetReferencePieceWeight, InboundWeighing, …) pass the CommandInterceptor, like the methods.
• Equipment reports (PublishLoad, PublishHopper, SetActivity, CompleteCalibration, PublishFeeder, …) take the lock but skip the interceptor: the equipment reports what happened, it does not ask.
• Node writes need no node-manager lock. A NodeState guards its own attributes, and the scale's lock is what keeps related values consistent.

Weighing arithmetic (§9.3):

• Gross and net. Gross is the load minus the zero offset SetZero established. Net is gross minus the tare.
• Weighing range. The range is the first one whose upper limit is not exceeded.
• Rounding. Values round to the range's d, or to e when the scale is legal for trade, and snap to that interval's decimal places. The high-resolution value keeps full precision.
• Overload is gross above the largest capacity.
• Underload is gross below zero by more than the zero band. A scale resting slightly below zero needs a zero, not an underload alarm.
• Unstable weights. SetZero, SetTare and RegisterWeight refuse an unstable weight. SetZero also refuses a weight outside the zero band.
• Registration refuses an overload or underload.

ScaleNotifications

• RaiseEvent(id, message, severity, auxParameters) raises a ScaleEventType with the Annex C NotificationId and its category.
• RaiseVendorEvent does the same for vendor ids, which must be above 5000.
• SetAlarm(id, active, message) drives one ScaleAlarmType condition per notification id. The condition is created on first use and carries a HasCondition reference from its source.
• The runtime raises some notifications by itself:
  • OVERLOAD_FAULT and UNDERLOAD_FAULT alarms follow the weight.
  • A failed zero or tare raises ZERO_SETTING_FAULT or TARE_SETTING_FAULT.

ScaleProductionPreset

The methods and the local API share the same rules.

• Products. AddProduct, RemoveAsync, Select, Deselect and Switch. Switch fails with BadInvalidState when more than one product is in processing (§7.7.8).
• Locking. On a preset built WithLocking, a client changes a product only while holding its DI lock. Otherwise the change fails with BadUserAccessDenied.
• Catchweigher zones. Zones come from AddZone.
• Vehicle information. VehicleInformationProvider answers GetVehicleInformation from the application's vehicle database.

ScaleStatistics

• Record, RecordAccepted and RecordRejected(weight, reason) maintain counts, sum, min, max, mean and standard deviation, and LastItem.
• Reset clears them.
• On a checkweigher, each CheckweigherRejectReason counts into its own PackagesRejectedBy… counter.

Type controllers

Controller	Behaviour
ContinuousController	PublishFlow, Totalize, ResetTotalizer (method and local)
LossInWeightController	DischargeStart/Stop, RefillStart/Stop reflected in Discharging/Refilling; PublishHopper
PieceCountingController	SetReferencePieceWeight, SetNumberOfReferencePieces, StartReference (method and local; the local SetReferencePieceWeight(weight, unit) takes the real weight, the method a UInt32); derives CurrentPieceCount from the net weight; the product's target counts
LaboratoryController	Draft shields, leveling, calibration and ionisator with their *Running flags. CompleteImmediately or CompleteLeveling / CompleteCalibration end the running operations
HopperController	PublishLevels for the limit switches and levels
AutomaticFillingController	EvaluateFilling sets Deviation and ToleranceState against the product target
VehicleController	InboundWeighing, OutboundWeighing, OnePassWeighing (method and local); computes DeltaWeight per Table 123
RecipeController	Recipe management and processing, see below

Recipes

A recipe is a directed acyclic graph of elements linked by NextRecipeElement. The graph can fork and join (Annex B). The start element's predecessor is the recipe node itself.

Building and running recipes.

• AddRecipe and AddRecipeElement build the graph. An element can only be linked from existing elements, so the graph cannot become cyclic.
• StartRecipe, StopRecipe (pause), ContinueRecipe, SkipCurrentRecipeElement and AbortRecipe walk the graph.
• The application executes the elements:
  1. It listens to ElementStarted.
  2. It reports each finished element with CompleteElement.
• An element whose predecessors are all complete starts next.
• When the graph finishes, RecipeCompleted is raised. The report goes to the product's Report and, if present, its ReportFile.
• ElementStarted and RecipeCompleted are raised after the controller's lock is released, and for a method call after the call's processing. A handler may therefore call back into the controller, for example complete an element that takes no time straight from its ElementStarted handler.

Recipe files. WithRecipeFiles() gives every recipe a RecipeFile. The file format is vendor-specific; the specification does not define one.

• An upload is handed to RecipeController.RecipeFileHandler, which parses the file and returns a ServiceResult. A bad result rejects the upload.
• ReadRecipeFile returns the last accepted content.
• Once a recipe came from a file, AddRecipeElement and RemoveRecipeElement on it return BadInvalidState. This keeps the file and the address space from diverging (§7.31).

PackML

PackMLStateMachineController from Opc.Ua.PackML drives the three nested machines: base (Aborted … Cleared), machine (Stopped … Running) and execute (Idle … Complete).

• Commands. Methods on an inactive sub-machine return BadStateNotActive. A command that is not valid in the current state returns BadNotExecutable.
• Events. Every change raises the standard transition event, as §5.3 requires.
• Acting states (Starting, Stopping, …) complete automatically unless AutoCompleteActingStates is false. The equipment then calls CompleteActingState().
• Guards. CommandGuard can veto a command.

Client reference

Creating the client

session.Scales(telemetry) or ScalesClientFactory. AddScalesClient() registers the factory with a hosted client. IsSupported tells whether the server publishes the Scales namespace.

Discovery

Method	Returns
DiscoverScalesAsync	Every top-level scale and system from DeviceSet and Machines, de-duplicated
EnumerateScalesAsync, EnumerateScalesUnderAsync(root)	The same as a stream, or below any node
EnumerateSystemScalesAsync(system)	The scales of a scale system
GetKindAsync(typeDefinition)	The ScaleKind of a type, vendor subtypes included

Each ScaleEntry carries the NodeId, names, type definition, Kind and IsScaleSystem.

Weighing

ReadCurrentWeightAsync, ReadRegisteredWeightAsync, ReadIdentificationAsync, ReadWeighingRangesAsync, ReadAllowedEngineeringUnitsAsync, SetZeroAsync, SetTareAsync, ClearTareAsync, SetPresetTareAsync, RegisterWeightAsync (returns the registered weight) and ObserveWeightAsync.

A streamed reading carries gross, net and tare only. Read the units and properties once with ReadCurrentWeightAsync.

ReadCurrentWeightAsync throws Bad_NotFound for a node without CurrentWeight, such as a scale system or a module. TryReadCurrentWeightAsync returns null instead, the contract ReadRegisteredWeightAsync has for a node without RegisteredWeight. A published but never-written value comes back as NaN gross, net and tare.

Products, PackML, type methods and recipes

Area	Methods
Products	ReadProductsAsync, ReadCurrentProductsAsync, AddProductAsync, RemoveProductAsync, SelectProductAsync, DeselectProductAsync, SwitchProductAsync
PackML	ReadPackMLStateAsync (the innermost active state number), ExecutePackMLCommandAsync(owner, PackMLCommand)
Type methods	SetReferencePieceWeightAsync, SetNumberOfReferencePiecesAsync, StartReferenceAsync, SetDraftShieldsAsync, WeighVehicleAsync, SetFeederSpeedAsync, and InvokeAsync(target, method) for any method without arguments
Recipes	AddRecipeAsync, AddRecipeElementAsync, ProcessRecipeAsync(scale, method, recipe)

Notifications and snapshots

• Notifications.
  • ObserveNotificationsAsync(source) streams the scale events and alarms of a scale, module or system as ScaleNotificationInfo.
  • CreateNotificationFilter() and Decode(fields) expose the same filter for your own subscriptions.
  • DefinedId maps the numeric id back to ScaleNotificationId.
• Snapshots. ReadSnapshotAsync(entry) reads a whole scale in one pass: identification, both weights, ranges, units, products and PackML state.

Contracts reference

Contract	Holds
ScaleIdentification	Manufacturer, SerialNumber, ProductInstanceUri and the optional Machinery identification fields
WeighingRangeDefinition(Low, High, d, e)	One weighing range; Validate() checks the limits and intervals
ScaleReading	Gross, net, tare, tare mode, overload, underload, stability, zero, range, weight id, unit, timestamp, status
ScaleEntry, ScaleProductInfo, ScaleNotificationInfo, ScaleSnapshot	The client's discovery, product, notification and snapshot results
ScaleKind, ScaleNotificationId, ScaleNotificationCategory	The kinds and the Annex C tables

Conformance matrix

Status key: ✅ implemented and tested over a real session · 🧪 implemented, tested in-process only · 🔧 implemented, not covered by a test · ❌ not shipped.

OPC 40200 defines server facets only; there are no client facets or client conformance units (§12). The server advertises the facets and CUs of what it actually built through ServerProfiles and ConformanceUnits (ServerAdvertisesTheFacetsOfWhatItBuiltAsync). A facet is advertised only with the facets it includes: the Machinery Machine Identification facet and its units come with Base Scale, and the kind facets without a controller are left out (ScaleFacetsBringTheMachineIdentificationTheyIncludeAsync, ScaleFacetsAreNotClaimedOutsideTheMachinesFolderAsync, KindFacetsWithoutAControllerAreNotClaimedAsync).

Facets

Facet (§12.2.2)	Status	Tests
Base Scale	✅	EveryKindIsPublishedWithItsMandatoryMembersAsync; ClientReadsIdentificationRangesAndUnitsAsync
Scale System	✅	ScaleSystemHostsScalesAndResetsGlobalStatisticsAsync; ClientDiscoversEveryScaleOnceWithItsKindAsync
Feeder Module	✅	FeederAndPrinterModulesAsync; ClientCallsTheTypeSpecificMethodsAsync
Printer Module	🧪	FeederAndPrinterModulesAsync
Minimal Production Preset	🧪	StaticPresetWithoutProductsIsRejectedAsync; ProductionPresetSelectsDeselectsAndSwitchesProductsAsync
Full Production Preset	✅	ProductionPresetAddsAndRemovesProductsAsync; LockedProductsRejectOtherClientsAsync; ClientManagesAndSelectsProductsAsync
International System of Units	🧪	PresetTareChecksAndConvertsTheUnitAsync; SiMassUnitsAreRecognised
Simple, Laboratory, Hopper, Weighing Bridge	✅ / 🧪	LaboratoryShieldsLevelingCalibrationAndIonisatorAsync; HopperPublishesLevelsAsync; WeighingModulesAreScalesOfTheirOwnAsync; E2E for Simple, Laboratory and Hopper
AutomaticFillingScale	🧪	AutomaticFillingEvaluatesAgainstTheTargetAsync
Catchweigher, AutomaticWeightPriceLabeler	🧪	CatchweigherProductZonesCanBeAddedAndRemovedAsync (not advertised, see limitations)
Checkweigher	✅	CheckweigherStatisticsCountAcceptedAndRejectedAsync; ClientSubscribesToANestedScaleThroughTheNotifierHierarchyAsync
Continuous Scale, LossInWeight Scale	✅	ContinuousScaleTotalizesAndResetsAsync; LossInWeightDischargesAndRefillsAsync; ClientStreamsWeightsEventsAndAlarmsAsync
PieceCountingScale	✅	PieceCountingReferencesAndCountsAsync; PieceCountingProductTargetsCanBeSetAsync; ClientCallsTheTypeSpecificMethodsAsync
RecipeScale	✅	RecipesAreManagedAndProcessedAlongTheirGraphAsync; RecipeProcessingGuardsAsync; RecipeFilesAreUploadedParsedAndReportedAsync; ClientBuildsAndProcessesARecipeAsync
Totalizing Hopper Scale	🧪	EveryKindIsPublishedWithItsMandatoryMembersAsync (structure only and not advertised, see limitations)
Vehicle Scale	✅	VehicleWeighingComputesTheDeltaAsync; ClientCallsTheTypeSpecificMethodsAsync

Cross-cutting conformance units and behaviour

Area	Status	Tests
Scales ScaleDeviceType: zero, tare, preset tare, register	✅	ZeroTareAndRegisterMethodsDriveTheWeightAsync; ClientZeroesTaresAndRegistersWeightsAsync
WeightItemType semantics: rounding, ranges, overload, underload, zero band	🧪	WeightIsRoundedToTheIntervalOfItsRange; LegalForTradeRoundsToTheVerificationInterval; OverloadAndUnderloadFollowCapacityAndZeroBand; PublishedLoadReachesEveryWeightPropertyAsync
Scales DataChange	✅	ClientStreamsWeightsEventsAndAlarmsAsync
ScaleEventType / ScaleAlarmType with Annex C ids, vendor ids > 5000	✅	EventsAndVendorEventsCanBeRaisedAsync; FailedZeroOrTareRaisesAFaultAndOverloadAnAlarmAsync; ClientStreamsWeightsEventsAndAlarmsAsync
Notifier hierarchy with HasNotifier, nested sources subscribable	✅	ClientSubscribesToANestedScaleThroughTheNotifierHierarchyAsync
PackML state information with transition events	✅	PackMLMethodsWalkTheStateMachineAsync; PackMLActingStatesCanBeCompletedByTheEquipmentAsync; ClientDrivesThePackMLStateMachineAsync; advertised as PackML State Information: PackMLStateInformationIsClaimedWithAPackMLStateMachineAsync
Machinery Machine Identification, Find Machines	✅	IdentificationWithoutMandatoryFieldsIsRejectedAsync; ClientDiscoversEveryScaleOnceWithItsKindAsync
Machinery building blocks, MachineryItemState, OperationMode	🧪	StateSettersPublishTheMachineryStatesAndProcessStateAsync
RecipeManagment, DynamicRecipeManagement, FileRecipeManagement	✅	as RecipeScale above
Method veto through CommandInterceptor	🧪	CommandInterceptorCanVetoACommandAsync; PieceCountingLocalCallsMatchTheMethodsAsync
Runtime members thread-safe against method calls	🧪	EquipmentReportsAreAtomicAgainstTheScaleLockAsync; CalibrationReportsAreAtomicAgainstTheScaleLockAsync
Local operator calls for piece counting and vehicle weighing	🧪	PieceCountingLocalCallsMatchTheMethodsAsync; VehicleLocalCallsMatchTheMethodsAsync
Recipe events raised outside the lock	🧪	HandlersMayCompleteElementsSynchronouslyAsync
Rejecting a second DI owner	🧪	ServerHostingRefusesASecondDiOwner
Client hosting AddScalesClient	🧪	ClientHostingRegistersTheFactory

Samples

Sample	Shows
ScalesServer	A packing line (scale system with a checkweigher, infeed feeder and labeler) plus a laboratory balance, a counting scale, a weighbridge and a recipe batching scale, all with a simulation that rejects packages and runs the labeler out of labels
ScalesClient	Discovery, snapshots, tare/register/switch product on the nested checkweigher, and streaming of its weights, events and alarms

See the samples README for how to run them.

Testing

dotnet test tests/Opc.Ua.Scales.Tests

Fixture	Covers
ScalesUnitTests	The weighing engine, units and the model tables, with no server
ScalesNodeManagerTests	Every kind, the methods, PackML, presets, zones, facets, in-process
ScaleTypeControllerTests	The type controllers, modules, recipes, recipe files and systems
ScalesClientServerE2eTests	A hosted server through AddScales / ConfigureScales, driven by ScalesClient over a real session

The end-to-end fixture is the one that matters for anything a client sees. Two defects this work found passed every in-process assertion:

• Alarm conditions without an event type never reached a subscribed client.
• A nested scale was not a notifier, so a subscription on it failed.

Troubleshooting

Symptom	Cause	Fix
CS0104: 'BrowseNames' is ambiguous	Opc.Ua and Opc.Ua.Scales both define BrowseNames	Qualify as Opc.Ua.BrowseNames or alias it
ArgumentException from CreateScaleAsync	WithIdentification or WithWeighingRange missing, or an identification without Manufacturer / SerialNumber / ProductInstanceUri	Add them; both are mandatory
InvalidOperationException: DI address space already owned	AddScales combined with AddOpcUaDi or another DI owner	Use only AddScales; it loads DI
SetZero returns BadOutOfRange	The gross weight is outside the zero band	Unload the scale, or widen ZeroSettingRange
SetZero/SetTare/RegisterWeight return BadInvalidState	The weight is unstable, overloaded or underloaded	Publish a stable load inside the range
SetPresetTare returns BadInvalidArgument	The unit is not in AllowedEngineeringUnits (or not SI with RequireSiUnits)	Pass an allowed unit
A product change returns BadUserAccessDenied	The preset is built WithLocking and the client holds no lock	Call the product's Lock/InitLock first
SwitchProduct returns BadInvalidState	More than one product is in processing	Deselect down to one product
PackML method returns BadNotExecutable / BadStateNotActive	Command not valid in the current state / sub-machine not active	Read ReadPackMLStateAsync first
Weights arrive as ExtensionObject	Client not created through session.Scales(...)	Use the extension
A streamed reading has no unit	Streams carry the value only	Read the unit once with ReadCurrentWeightAsync

Known limitations

• Totalizing hopper. Published with its full structure, but no controller drives TipCounter. The application sets it through With<TotalizingHopperScaleState> or the product node. The Totalizing Hopper Scale facet and its CU are therefore not advertised; the scale still counts towards Base Scale.
• Catchweigher and price labeler. These have no dedicated controller.
  • Zones and LastItem statistics are implemented.
  • The application writes item prices and measured dimensions itself.
  • Their kind facets and CUs are therefore not advertised; the scales still count towards Base Scale.
• Recipe elements. Elements are executed by the application through ElementStarted / CompleteElement. ConditionSleep thresholds are not evaluated by the server.
• Recipe file format. It is vendor-specific. Parsing is up to RecipeFileHandler.
• Machinery building block. The Machinery Notifications building block is not used. Events are raised on the scale nodes directly.
• Method status codes. OPC 40200 defines no method-specific status codes. The runtime uses the generic Part 4 codes listed in Troubleshooting.

Model provenance

• Scales NodeSet. src/Opc.Ua.Scales/Model/Opc.Ua.Scales.NodeSet2.xml is the unmodified OPC Foundation publication from UA-Nodeset/latest/Scales:
  • model version 2.00, published 2025-03-01;
  • requiring UA 1.05.03, DI 1.04.0, IA 1.01.2, Machinery 1.03.0 and PackML 1.01.
• PackML NodeSet. src/Opc.Ua.PackML/Model/Opc.Ua.PackML.NodeSet2.xml is version 1.01 from UA-Nodeset/latest/PackML.
• Identifier tables. The sibling *.NodeIds.csv identifier tables pin the symbol-to-NodeId mapping. The generator fails the build (MODELGEN025) when they disagree.
• RequiredModel versions are a lower bound. The repository's newer DI, IA and Machinery models satisfy them.
• Generator fix. PackML exposed a source-generator bug:
  • It declares seven method InputArguments ahead of their methods.
  • The generator derived symbolic ids in the same pass that normalised a missing ParentNodeId, so those children were named from the bare parent name.
  • NodeSetToModelDesign now normalises every parent first.
  • No existing generated symbol changed.

Where the specification and the NodeSet disagree

The implementation follows the NodeSet wherever the text and the NodeSet differ:

• CU spellings. The CU is spelled Scales RecipeManagment in Table 162 and on RecipeManagementType, but RecipeManagement elsewhere. The server advertises the Table 162 spelling.
• Facet URIs. Some facet URIs contain spaces (…/Scales_LossInWeight Scale) or lack /Server/. ScalesProfiles reproduces them verbatim.
• State machine browse names. §7.4.3 calls the state machine "ScaleStateMachine", but its browse name is State, and SystemState on a scale system.
• Method argument types. SetReferencePieceWeight takes a UInt32 weight, and SetFeederSpeed takes a Float.
• Browse names that differ from the text.
  • The totalizing hopper target is VolumeTargetValue.
  • The checkweigher percentage is PercentageLowerToleranceLimit.
• Abstract identification type. Feeder and printer Identification are declared with the abstract MachineryItemIdentificationType. Instances use MachineryComponentIdentificationType.
• No GeneratesEvent or HasNotifier. The NodeSet has neither, so the notifier wiring described in Where a scale lives is the server's own.

See also

• Machinery developer guide: the Machines folder and the OPC 40001-1 building blocks
• State machines: the finite-state-machine support PackML builds on
• OPC 40200 on the OPC Foundation reference site