UA-.NETStandard/docs/Subscriptions.md

Subscriptions and Monitored Items Service Set

The OPC UA Subscription and MonitoredItems service sets (Part 4 §5.13 and §5.14) are exposed through three layered client APIs in this stack:

1. Classic Opc.Ua.Client.Subscription — the historical event-driven API. Items added with subscription.AddItem(item); subscription.ApplyChangesAsync(); notifications delivered through the per-item Notification event or the per-subscription FastDataChangeCallback / FastEventCallback.
2. V2 ISubscriptionManager / ISubscription — the options-based callback API in src/Opc.Ua.Client/Subscription/. Items added with subscription.MonitoredItems.TryAdd(name, options, out _); notifications delivered through ISubscriptionNotificationHandler callbacks. The default engine on ManagedSession.
3. IStreamingSubscription — a thin IAsyncEnumerable<T> abstraction on top of the V2 engine for state-machine waits and short-lived monitoring.

Recommendation: new code should use the V2 surface (ISubscriptionManager for long-lived application subscriptions, IStreamingSubscription for short-lived / await-until-X scenarios). The classic API stays supported for migration and continues to ship in Opc.Ua.Client.Subscription; an internal bridge forwards classic subscriptions onto the V2 publish pipeline when the V2 engine is active, so existing classic-API code keeps working alongside V2.

For the full engine comparison (publish-pipeline ownership, worker pools, when to pick which) see Sessions: subscription engines.

Contents

• Quick reference
• Streaming subscriptions
  • Obtaining an IStreamingSubscription
  • Subscribing to data changes
  • Subscribing to events
  • Composing streams
  • Lifecycle, cancellation, disposal
  • Pairing with AlarmClient
• Server retransmission queues
• Publishing during session recovery
• Triggering (SetTriggering)
  • Declarative triggering
  • Imperative triggering
  • Cancellation semantics
  • N:M relationships
  • Save / load / restore behavior
  • Error handling
• Unbounded monitored items
  • How it works
  • Affinity — pinning items to the same partition
  • Configuration
  • Snapshot, save / load, and transfer
  • Durable subscriptions
  • Performance
  • Limitations and roadmap
• Classic → V2 surface mapping
  • Subscription lifecycle
  • Notifications and callbacks
  • Subscription-level service operations
  • Monitored-item management
  • Per-item runtime
  • Persistence (save / load)
  • Tuning knobs
  • Engine wiring
  • Per-item options mapping
• Three-API summary
• Reference

Quick reference

Concern	API
Add a V2 subscription	session.AddSubscription(handler, SubscriptionOptions) (or ISubscriptionManager.Add)
Add a monitored item	subscription.MonitoredItems.TryAdd(name, IOptionsMonitor<MonitoredItemOptions>, out _) (or subscription.TryAddMonitoredItem(name, nodeId, configure, out _) extension)
Set triggering — declarative	MonitoredItemOptions.TriggeredByNames (IReadOnlyList<string>) at item-add time
Set triggering — imperative	ISubscription.SetTriggeringAsync(IMonitoredItem, add, remove, ct) returning SetTriggeringResult
Triggering — name-based fluent	ISubscription.SetTriggeringAsync(string trigName, params string[] tgtNames)
Triggering — navigation	IMonitoredItem.TriggeringItems / IMonitoredItem.TriggeredItems (N:M)
Save / load subscriptions	session.SaveSubscriptionsAsync(stream) / session.LoadSubscriptionsAsync(stream, factory)
Stream — get streaming subscription	ManagedSession.DefaultStreaming
Stream — construct manually	new StreamingSubscription(subscriptionManager, options?)
Stream — subscribe one variable	streaming.SubscribeDataChangesAsync(nodeId, options?, ct)
Stream — subscribe many variables	streaming.SubscribeDataChangesAsync(IReadOnlyList<NodeId>, ...)
Stream — subscribe to events	streaming.SubscribeEventsAsync(notifierId, EventFilter, options?, ct)
Stream — wait until predicate	.TakeUntilAsync(predicate)
Stream — cap by wall-clock time	.WithTimeoutAsync(timeout)
Stream — take N items	.TakeAsync(count)
Stream — buffer first N	.BufferedAsync(count)
Stream — typed alarms	streaming.SubscribeAlarmsAsync(notifierId, filter?)

Streaming subscriptions

IStreamingSubscription exposes OPC UA subscription notifications as IAsyncEnumerable<T> streams. Each SubscribeXxxAsync call adds a monitored item to a shared, lazy-created OPC UA subscription and pipes notifications through a System.Threading.Channels.Channel<T>. Disposing the enumerator removes the monitored item.

This API sits on top of the V2 subscription engine (src/Opc.Ua.Client/Subscription). It is not a replacement for either the classic or V2 callback-based API — it is a thin abstraction targeted at three concrete client scenarios:

• State-machine waits — "subscribe, observe transitions until X, unsubscribe".
• Short-lived monitoring — "I need a sample for 30 seconds".
• Typed alarm streaming — Part 9 alarm records via AlarmStreamExtensions (see AlarmsAndConditions.md).

For long-lived application subscriptions, the callback-based ISubscriptionManager.Add + ISubscriptionNotificationHandler API remains the right choice (see Sessions: DefaultSubscriptionEngine (V2)).

Obtaining an IStreamingSubscription

ManagedSession.DefaultStreaming lazily constructs a shared instance the first time it is accessed and disposes it when the session is disposed.

ManagedSession session = await new ManagedSessionBuilder(configuration, telemetry)
    .UseEndpoint(endpoint)
    .ConnectAsync(ct);

IStreamingSubscription streaming = session.DefaultStreaming;

If you need to bind to a specific ISubscriptionManager (for example in tests or with the raw Session's V2 engine), construct directly:

if (!session.TryGetSubscriptionManager(out var manager))
{
    throw new InvalidOperationException("A V2 subscription engine is required.");
}
await using var streaming = new StreamingSubscription(
    subscriptionManager: manager,
    subscriptionOptions: new SubscriptionOptions
    {
        PublishingInterval = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(250),
        KeepAliveCount = 10,
        LifetimeCount = 100,
    });

The underlying OPC UA subscription is not created until the first SubscribeXxxAsync call. Once created it is shared by every active SubscribeXxxAsync enumerator on this StreamingSubscription.

Subscribing to data changes

await foreach (DataValueChange change in streaming
    .SubscribeDataChangesAsync(VariableIds.Server_ServerStatus_CurrentTime, ct: ct)
    .ConfigureAwait(false))
{
    Console.WriteLine($"{change.MonitoredItem?.Name}: {change.Value}");
}

For multiple variables in a single stream:

var nodes = new[]
{
    VariableIds.Server_ServerStatus_CurrentTime,
    VariableIds.Server_ServerStatus_SecondsTillShutdown,
};

await foreach (DataValueChange change in streaming
    .SubscribeDataChangesAsync(nodes, options: new MonitoredItemOptions
    {
        SamplingInterval = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(500),
        QueueSize = 5,
    }, ct: ct).ConfigureAwait(false))
{
    Console.WriteLine($"{change.MonitoredItem?.ClientHandle}: {change.Value}");
}

Each MonitoredItemOptions is treated as a template; only StartNodeId is overridden internally per node.

Subscribing to events

EventFilter filter = new AlarmEventFilterBuilder()
    .ForAlarms()
    .Build();

await foreach (EventNotification evt in streaming
    .SubscribeEventsAsync(ObjectIds.Server, filter, ct: ct)
    .ConfigureAwait(false))
{
    // Raw access; for typed records use SubscribeAlarmsAsync.
    Console.WriteLine($"#{evt.Fields.Count} fields");
}

SubscribeEventsAsync does not validate the filter. Use AlarmEventFilterBuilder for Part 9 events and any custom SimpleAttributeOperand-based filter for other event types.

Composing streams

StreamingSubscriptionExtensions ships four LINQ-style helpers designed for the bounded-observation use cases. They wrap the source IAsyncEnumerable<T> and stop iterating (which disposes the underlying enumerator and the monitored item) when their condition fires.

// 1) Wait until a predicate matches, then return the matching item.
DataValueChange completed = await streaming
    .SubscribeDataChangesAsync(buildProgressVariable)
    .TakeUntilAsync(c => (double)c.Value.Value >= 100.0)
    .LastAsync(ct);

// 2) Cap by wall-clock time. Completes silently when the timeout elapses.
List<DataValueChange> samples = await streaming
    .SubscribeDataChangesAsync(sensor)
    .WithTimeoutAsync(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30))
    .ToListAsync(ct);

// 3) Take exactly N values.
List<DataValueChange> firstThree = await streaming
    .SubscribeDataChangesAsync(sensor)
    .TakeAsync(3)
    .ToListAsync(ct);

// 4) Buffer N items into a list — for one-shot snapshots.
IReadOnlyList<DataValueChange> snapshot = await streaming
    .SubscribeDataChangesAsync(sensor)
    .BufferedAsync(count: 10, ct);

TakeUntilAsync yields the matching item last, so callers can grab the transition value with LastAsync / a terminating handler.

Lifecycle, cancellation, disposal

Each stream has a bounded local buffer, including the default data-change subscription. Its capacity is max(1, QueueSize) * monitoredItemCount, capped at int.MaxValue; event streams default to ten entries per monitored item. When full, DiscardOldest chooses between evicting the oldest buffered entry and discarding the incoming entry. StreamingSubscription.DroppedNotificationCount reports the cumulative local drops across data-change and event streams.

For a multi-node stream, this is one shared queue, not a per-node allocation. With DiscardOldest enabled, a busy node can evict a quiet node's only queued value. There is no local guarantee that each node's latest value remains buffered, and overflow increments the drop counter rather than failing the stream. Use separate single-node streams, consumed independently, when per-node retention is required. Server-side per-monitored-item queues do not change this local policy.

The streaming subscription guarantees three invariants:

1. Lazy subscription creation. No OPC UA CreateSubscription round-trip happens until your first SubscribeXxxAsync call.
2. Reference-counted monitored items. Each call adds a monitored item; disposing the enumerator (end of the await foreach, an exception, or explicit await using) removes that monitored item. The underlying subscription stays alive for other enumerators.
3. Disposal order. Disposing the StreamingSubscription completes all open channels and attempts to delete the underlying OPC UA subscription. Disposing the ManagedSession calls this for you.

V2 subscription disposal gives each server-side delete a separate five-second cancellation deadline. Local cleanup does not wait indefinitely for an unavailable server. A failed or timed-out delete is logged; it does not prove remote deletion, and the server may retain the subscription until its configured lifetime expires.

Publish workers survive recovery for subscriptions that the V2 engine actually created. A never-created subscription does not inherit worker retention from a classic subscription or a V2 subscription that has already been removed. An intentionally disabled or deleted subscription likewise contributes no retained demand until it is created again.

Cancellation propagates the natural way: pass a CancellationToken to SubscribeXxxAsync or the outer await foreach (via WithCancellation). When the token fires the enumerator stops, the finally block removes the monitored item, and the loop body throws OperationCanceledException.

using var cts = new CancellationTokenSource(TimeSpan.FromMinutes(2));
try
{
    await foreach (DataValueChange change in
        streaming.SubscribeDataChangesAsync(sensor, ct: cts.Token))
    {
        Process(change);
    }
}
catch (OperationCanceledException) { /* expected */ }

Pairing with AlarmClient

The streaming subscription and AlarmClient are complementary:

• IStreamingSubscription delivers the events (raw or typed).
• AlarmClient calls the methods (acknowledge, shelve, suppress, reset, etc.).

AlarmClient alarms = session.GetAlarmClient();
IStreamingSubscription streaming = session.DefaultStreaming;

await foreach (ConditionTypeRecord rec in streaming
    .SubscribeAlarmsAsync(ObjectIds.Server)
    .TakeUntilAsync(r =>
        r is AlarmConditionTypeRecord a &&
        a.ConditionId == myAlarmId &&
        a.ActiveStateId == true))
{
    if (rec is AlarmConditionTypeRecord active && active.ActiveStateId == true)
    {
        await alarms.AcknowledgeAsync(
            active.ConditionId,
            active.EventId,
            new LocalizedText("en", "Auto-acked")).ConfigureAwait(false);
    }
}

See AlarmsAndConditions.md for the typed record hierarchy.

Server retransmission queues

On the server, newly created monitored items remain provisional until the subscription rechecks ownership and deletion after node-manager creation. If transfer, session detachment, deletion, or cancellation wins, normal node-manager deletion releases those unattached items.

Publish, queued Publish, Republish, and persistence consumers receive deep notification snapshots. Acknowledgement, eviction, or queue disposal can recycle the retained pooled graph without changing a response still waiting for encoding or a captured retransmission/durable snapshot. Pooling remains enabled for the retained notifications.

Retained notifications belong to the session's authenticated and effective identity and role grants. Activating a different identity or changing those grants retires queued values, events, aggregate state, and retransmission messages before the new identity can publish them. Renewing a token without changing the principal or grants preserves the queue. A response already admitted under the previous identity can finish encoding its leased snapshot; it does not grant the new identity access to retained messages.

Event subscription transfer checks the destination session's notifier permissions and channel restrictions before preparing node-manager transfer work. An incompatible destination cannot acquire the subscription. Delivery also rechecks current notifier restrictions, including namespace defaults.

The server retains notification messages for acknowledgement and Republish (Part 4 §5.14). When a new batch exceeds the configured retransmission capacity, only the excess oldest retained messages are evicted. The remaining sequence numbers, persistence removal deltas and discarded-unacknowledged-message diagnostics describe the same retained queue. An oversized new batch is trimmed to capacity before it displaces older messages.

The per-session Publish request limit counts only requests still awaiting a response. Cancellation, timeout, normal completion and session/server teardown release a request's admission exactly once; a completed request does not prevent the client from queuing its replacement while a long keep-alive is pending.

Publish from a live session without subscriptions returns BadNoSubscription, regardless of other sessions' subscriptions. A closing session retains BadSessionClosed. The Republish request and requested-message diagnostic counters remain equal, with one increment per authorized request; the successful-message counter advances only when a message is returned.

Publishing during session recovery

V2 session recreation pauses publishing and drains active Publish attempts before replacing the session. The drain cancels each attempt, including an attempt parked at the shared channel's ready gate, without terminating its worker. A cancelled attempt rolls its acknowledgements back before releasing its active count. Recreation must await this complete unwind because a timeout that skips the drain could acknowledge notifications from the old subscription generation against a reused subscription identifier.

Automatic subscription and monitored-item updates also pause during session recreation. Recovery cancels an active update pass; its retry waits until the recovery owner completes subscription restoration. If restoration fails, this pause remains in effect across the outer-policy handoff. The state worker cannot create a competing subscription on a retiring or replacement session. Pending option changes resume after restoration, without changing explicit RecreateAsync or transfer semantics. Cancellation remains client-side and does not guarantee that an already-sent request was not processed by the server.

Once the session and subscriptions are restored, publishing resumes through the same subscription-facing interface. Temporarily clearing server-side subscription identifiers does not replace existing workers. Pool limits and actual subscription removal still apply. Intentional deletion, including setting the V2 subscription's Disabled option, retires its worker demand even if it remains registered. Successful creation restores demand; recovery-only resets preserve it. With transfer-on-recreate enabled, an invalid old subscription falls back to recreation. A managed-session channel deadline cancels recovery and hands control to the outer reconnect policy. After expiry, any replacement attempt still waits for cancelled Publish attempts to roll back their acknowledgements and release their active counts before replacing session and subscription state.

Triggering (SetTriggering)

Triggering (OPC UA Part 4 §5.13.5) links a triggering monitored item to one or more triggered items. When the triggering item fires a notification, the triggered items' queued notifications are reported in the next publish even if their monitoring mode is Sampling (which would otherwise suppress reporting). This is the canonical pattern for "sample many items at high rate, report on demand". See Part 4 §5.13.1.6 for the full triggering model.

Aggregate-filtered monitored items follow these same monitoring-mode rules (Part 4 5.13.1.3). Completion of an aggregate interval does not enable reporting for a Disabled item or an untriggered Sampling item. A legitimately triggered Sampling item can publish its queued aggregates; after that trigger is consumed, interval completion alone does not cause another report.

The V2 engine exposes triggering through a hybrid API:

• Declarative — set MonitoredItemOptions.TriggeredByNames when the item is added.
• Imperative — call ISubscription.SetTriggeringAsync(IMonitoredItem triggeringItem, add, remove, ct) at any time.

Both paths flow through the same batched apply pipeline: multiple operations targeting the same triggering item collapse into a single SetTriggering request carrying both the merged linksToAdd and linksToRemove lists. Per Part 4 §5.13.5.2 the server processes linksToRemove before linksToAdd, which matches the engine's last-intent-wins conflict resolution.

The V2 engine models the topology as a per-item desired state: each monitored item carries a list of stable triggering-item names (DesiredTriggeredByNames) that reflects what the caller wants. The engine reconciles desired state against the server via SetTriggering requests whenever:

• An options change pushes a different TriggeredByNames value.
• The imperative API mutates the desired set.
• An item is Reset (recreate scenario) — the engine replays the desired set so transient server-side state matches the durable client-side intent.

The OPC UA spec allows a triggered item to be linked to multiple triggering items (N:M); the V2 API exposes this directly via the plural TriggeringItems / TriggeredItems projections.

Declarative triggering

The simplest way to declare triggering is via MonitoredItemOptions at item-add time:

ManagedSession session = await new ManagedSessionBuilder(config, telemetry)
    .UseEndpoint(endpoint)
    .ConnectAsync(ct);

ISubscription sub = session.AddSubscription(handler, new SubscriptionOptions
{
    PublishingInterval = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1)
});

// Triggering item — reports normally at its sampling interval.
sub.TryAddMonitoredItem("trig",
    VariableIds.Server_ServerStatus_CurrentTime,
    o => o with { MonitoringMode = MonitoringMode.Reporting },
    out _);

// Triggered item — samples in the background; only reports when
// "trig" reports.
sub.TryAddMonitoredItem("sensor",
    new NodeId("Sensor1", 2),
    o => o with
    {
        MonitoringMode = MonitoringMode.Sampling,
        TriggeredByNames = ["trig"]
    },
    out _);

The engine batches the underlying CreateMonitoredItems / SetTriggering requests and applies them on the next subscription apply pass. There is no need to explicitly call any method to "finish" the triggering setup — once both items are Created, the engine issues the SetTriggering call automatically.

Order of TryAddMonitoredItem calls does not matter; the engine will keep the triggering operation queued until both items are created on the server, then issue the request.

Imperative triggering

Mutate triggering relationships at any time after items exist via SetTriggeringAsync:

SetTriggeringResult result = await sub.SetTriggeringAsync(
    triggeringItem: trig,
    linksToAdd: [sensor1, sensor2],
    linksToRemove: null,
    ct: ct);

foreach ((IMonitoredItem item, StatusCode status) in result.AddResults)
{
    if (!StatusCode.IsGood(status))
    {
        // BadMonitoredItemIdInvalid, BadInvalidState, etc.
    }
}

The call queues a single TriggeringOperation and returns a ValueTask that completes when the next apply pass applies it. The result's per-link entries are in the same order as the input lists for easy pairing.

Convenience overloads use stable monitored-item names:

await sub.SetTriggeringAsync("trig", "sensor1", "sensor2");

// add + remove in one call (server processes remove before add per §5.13.5.2):
await sub.SetTriggeringAsync(
    "trig",
    add: ["sensor3"],
    remove: ["sensor1"],
    ct: ct);

Unknown names throw ArgumentException synchronously.

Cancellation semantics

The CancellationToken passed to SetTriggeringAsync controls the await and marks the queued operation as cancelled on a best-effort basis:

• Cancelling the token aborts the await and surfaces an OperationCanceledException to the caller.
• The engine attempts to skip the queued operation on the next apply pass. If cancellation fires before the apply pass picks the op off the queue, the server-side SetTriggering request is NOT issued for this op.
• This is best effort only: if the apply pass has already begun dispatching the RPC for the op's group, the server-side mutation cannot be cancelled — the in-flight RPC completes regardless.
• The desired-state mutations performed synchronously by the engine before the await (the updates that make IMonitoredItem.TriggeringItems / IMonitoredItem.TriggeredItems and any subsequent snapshot reflect the new topology) already happened when SetTriggeringAsync returned its ValueTask. They stand regardless of cancellation.
• To revert local intent, the caller must explicitly issue an opposing SetTriggeringAsync (or change the declarative MonitoredItemOptions.TriggeredByNames).

Warning

Cancelling the CancellationToken cannot guarantee the server-side SetTriggering call is skipped — it is best-effort; an op that has already begun its server request will still complete server-side, and local desired-state is never rolled back automatically.

// Original intent: when "trig" fires, also report "sensor1" and "sensor2".
await sub.SetTriggeringAsync("trig", "sensor1", "sensor2");

// To undo, issue an opposing call with the items in `remove`. Note that
// even if the first call's cancellation token had fired, the server
// might still have applied the link (race with the apply pass) and the
// local desired-state intent would have stood — so an explicit opposing
// call is the only reliable revert path.
await sub.SetTriggeringAsync(
    "trig",
    add: null,
    remove: ["sensor1", "sensor2"],
    ct: ct);

N:M relationships

A triggered item may be linked to many triggering items, and a triggering item may have many triggered items. Use multiple SetTriggeringAsync calls (or include the same triggered name under multiple triggers' TriggeredByNames):

sub.TryAddMonitoredItem("trigA", ..., out var trigA);
sub.TryAddMonitoredItem("trigB", ..., out var trigB);
sub.TryAddMonitoredItem("shared",
    nodeId,
    o => o with
    {
        MonitoringMode = MonitoringMode.Sampling,
        TriggeredByNames = ["trigA", "trigB"]
    },
    out var shared);

// "shared" reports whenever EITHER trigA OR trigB fires:
Assert.That(shared.TriggeringItems, Is.EquivalentTo(new[] { trigA, trigB }));
Assert.That(trigA.TriggeredItems, Has.Member(shared));
Assert.That(trigB.TriggeredItems, Has.Member(shared));

TriggeringItems and TriggeredItems are read-only projections resolved on demand against the subscription's monitored-item collection. They reflect the desired topology (intent) — so they work immediately on TryAdd before any request fires, and survive restore-from-snapshot without depending on server state.

Save / load / restore behavior

The triggering topology round-trips through the V2 snapshot path:

• MonitoredItemStateSnapshot.TriggeredByNames captures the runtime desired state at snapshot time.
• SubscriptionManager.SaveAsync / LoadAsync (and the in-memory SnapshotSubscriptions / RestoreSubscriptionsAsync extensions) persist this field via the standard binary encoder.

On load, the engine takes one of three paths:

Scenario	Behavior
TransferSubscriptions success	Local desired state is restored from the snapshot. NO SetTriggering request is issued — per Part 4 §5.13.5 conformant servers preserve server-side triggering relationships across a session transfer.
Recreate-fallback (transfer rejected or unsupported)	Items reset to "not created"; the saved DesiredTriggeredByNames is preserved on each item; the batched apply pass replays SetTriggering after items finish re-creating.
In-session RecreateAsync (forced recreate)	Same as recreate-fallback — desired state preserved through reset, replayed after re-creation.

This closes the gap from issue #3834: triggering links are now automatically restored on TransferSubscriptions and on recreate/reconnect; no manual re-issue of SetTriggering is required by callers.

If a server fails to preserve links across transfer (contrary to the spec), the V2 client view will indicate the links exist while server-side notifications stop firing. Callers detecting this can manually re-issue Subscription.SetTriggeringAsync per relationship.

Error handling

Per Part 4 §5.13.5.4 (Table 74) the only spec-specific per-link status code is Bad_MonitoredItemIdInvalid. Service-level codes (Table 73) include Bad_NothingToDo, Bad_TooManyOperations, and Bad_SubscriptionIdInvalid.

The engine handles these as follows:

Condition	Engine response
Per-link Bad_MonitoredItemIdInvalid on add	Surfaced via the returned SetTriggeringResult.AddResults[i].Status; the triggered item's desired-state entry for that triggering name is rolled back so it matches reality.
Per-link Bad on remove	Surfaced via RemoveResults[i].Status; the desired-state entry is re-added so the snapshot continues to reflect the still-existing server link.
Service-level Bad_SubscriptionIdInvalid	Operations are re-queued (not failed terminally); they replay after the subscription state machine recreates the subscription.
Service-level Bad_TooManyOperations	Surfaced as a fatal ServiceResultException on all contributing TCSs. Callers wishing to recover should chunk their SetTriggeringAsync calls manually; auto-chunking is a planned follow-up.
Communication errors (timeout, channel closed)	Routed through the existing retry policy; bounded by MaxTriggeringRetryCount to prevent infinite loops.
Triggering item never reaches Created	After MaxTriggeringRetryCount re-queues, the operation completes with the triggering item's propagated error status (or Bad_MonitoredItemIdInvalid as a fallback).

Unbounded monitored items

The V2 subscription engine (Opc.Ua.Client.Subscriptions.ISubscription, returned from session.TryGetSubscriptionManager(out var manager) then manager.Add(...)) lets a single logical subscription hold an effectively unlimited number of monitored items. When the per-subscription cap (MaxMonitoredItemsPerSubscription from the server's capabilities, OPC UA Part 4 §5.13.2) would be exceeded, the engine transparently splits monitored items across additional server-side partition subscriptions and presents one logical collection to the caller. Single-partition workloads (the common case) keep their pre-existing fast path; partitioning kicks in only when needed.

How it works

• ISubscriptionManager.Add(handler, options) returns a LogicalSubscription wrapper that implements ISubscription and IPartitionedSubscription. Pattern-match on the latter to introspect the partition layout:

  if (!session.TryGetSubscriptionManager(out var manager))
  {
      throw new InvalidOperationException("A V2 subscription engine is required.");
  }
  ISubscription subscription = manager.Add(handler, optionsMonitor);
  if (subscription is IPartitionedSubscription partitioned)
  {
      Console.WriteLine($"Spread over {partitioned.PartitionCount} partition(s)");
      foreach (uint partitionId in partitioned.PartitionIds)
      {
          Console.WriteLine($"  partition server id: {partitionId}");
      }
  }
  

• ISubscription.MonitoredItems is backed by a composite collection that aggregates every partition's items behind one IMonitoredItemCollection. TryAdd / TryRemove / TryGetMonitoredItemByName / TryGetMonitoredItemByClientHandle enumerate every partition; the caller never needs to know which partition owns which item.

• When the placement policy decides a new partition is needed, the engine constructs a sibling server-side subscription using the same SubscriptionOptions and the same notification handler. The new partition is registered in the manager's publish-dispatch registry so publish responses route to it like any other subscription.

• ISubscriptionNotificationHandler callbacks always receive the logical wrapper as the ISubscription subscription parameter. When more than one partition is active the engine serialises calls through a per-wrapper semaphore so consumers observe one handler invocation at a time, matching the single-partition behaviour they came to rely on under V2.

• Notifications include the source partition's server-side id via the PartitionServerId field on DataValueChange and EventNotification. Sequence numbers stay per-partition ((PartitionServerId, sequenceNumber) disambiguates across partitions).

Affinity — pinning items to the same partition

OPC UA SetTriggering is scoped to one server-side subscription (Part 4 §5.13.6). Items that need to participate in a triggering relationship (or any other per-subscription feature) must land in the same partition. Pin them via MonitoredItemOptions.Affinity:

var optionsMonitor = new OptionsMonitor<MonitoredItemOptions>(new MonitoredItemOptions
{
    StartNodeId = new NodeId("MyVariable", 2),
    SamplingInterval = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(500),
    Affinity = "alarms-group"   // every item with this tag stays together
});
subscription.MonitoredItems.TryAdd("MyItem", optionsMonitor, out _);

• Items with the same non-null Affinity value are guaranteed to share a partition.
• Once the partition reaches the per-partition cap the next TryAdd with the same tag returns false — the contract is strict so the group never splits. Callers must shrink the group, raise MaxMonitoredItemsPerPartition, or pick a different tag.
• null (the default) places no co-location constraint; items without affinity fill partitions first-fit.

LogicalSubscription.SetTriggeringAsync(triggering, linksToAdd, linksToRemove) validates that every linked item shares the same partition as the triggering item and throws ArgumentException otherwise. The exception message points callers at Affinity for remediation.

Configuration

All knobs live on SubscriptionOptions:

Property	Default	Effect
DisableUnboundedItemMode	false	When true, the wrapper is bound to one server-side subscription; TryAdd calls beyond the server cap surface Bad_TooManyMonitoredItems per-item like the pre-V2 engine.
MaxMonitoredItemsPerPartition	null	Per-partition upper bound. null means "let the reactive fallback discover the server's effective cap". Set to a smaller value to keep partitions small for snapshot/transfer scaling, or to a larger value to override an artificially low server limit.
SecondaryPartitionIdleTimeout	30s	Idle timeout after which an empty secondary partition is deleted from the server. The primary partition is never deleted while the logical subscription is alive so the wrapper's server-side identifier stays stable. Set to TimeSpan.Zero for immediate delete; set to Timeout.InfiniteTimeSpan to disable idle-delete.

The reactive cap fallback is always on whenever DisableUnboundedItemMode is false: the engine watches every CreateMonitoredItems response and, on the first Bad_TooManyMonitoredItems outcome, marks the offending partition no-grow so subsequent placements fan out to a new partition. This handles servers whose actual limit is lower than the advertised capability and servers whose limit changes between session lifetimes.

Snapshot, save / load, and transfer

Multi-partition logical subscriptions snapshot every partition. The capture path is:

• LogicalSubscription.SnapshotAllPartitions() returns IReadOnlyList<SubscriptionStateSnapshot> — one snapshot per partition, ordered primary-first.
• Every snapshot in the list carries the wrapper's stable LogicalGroupId (a lazy-generated GUID cached for the lifetime of the wrapper) and an incrementing PartitionIndex (0 for the primary, 1+ for secondaries in mint order).
• ManagedSession.SnapshotSubscriptions() and ISubscriptionManager.SaveAsync(...) flatten across partitions automatically, so callers persisting the list see the full state.
• Single-partition wrappers continue to emit exactly one snapshot. Old V1 snapshot files have LogicalGroupId == null and load via the standalone path unchanged.

The restore path:

• ISubscriptionManager.LoadAsync(...) and ManagedSession.RestoreSubscriptionsAsync(...) group incoming snapshots by LogicalGroupId. Snapshots with a null group restore as standalone subscriptions; non-null groups become one multi-partition LogicalSubscription wrapper via SubscriptionManager.RestoreGroupAsync(...) (internal).
• Restored secondary partitions go through a new internal LogicalSubscription.AppendPreloadedPartition(...) hook so the composite collection's placement policy + idle-delete timer + (if applicable) durable hook are wired exactly as if the partition had been minted on demand.
• When transferSubscriptions: true is passed, each partition's saved server-side id is preserved via TransferSubscriptions; partitions whose transfer fails fall back to recreate.
• Strict grouping is enforced: a non-null LogicalGroupId must appear on a contiguous 0..N-1 sequence of PartitionIndex values with no duplicates and exactly one primary. Malformed snapshot groups throw ServiceResultException(BadDecodingError) naming the offending LogicalGroupId — a corrupt or hand-edited snapshot fails loudly rather than silently fragmenting state.

MonitoredItemStateSnapshot.Affinity round-trips so restored subscriptions regroup items into the same affinity-pinned partition the source had.

After a snapshot transfer, V2 rebinds the saved item handles and reapplies the saved monitoring parameters with ModifyMonitoredItems. The response supplies the actual revised sampling interval, queue size and filter result: GetMonitoredItems returns handles only. This does not recreate the items or change their monitoring mode or triggering links. Live items that already have revised parameters do not require this extra snapshot-restoration step. Refresh enqueueing is ordered with concurrent options changes, so a restored snapshot cannot overwrite newer requested sampling intervals, queue sizes or filters. A successful initiated transfer also reports PublishState.Transferred to the target handler after handle synchronization, before attempting retained-message recovery; failed synchronization does not report transfer completion.

Republishing retained notifications and requesting initial values are independent. If an origin session disconnects before acknowledging a message, a transfer can recover that message from the server's retransmission queue. With SendInitialValuesOnTransfer also enabled, the target can receive the same static value again in a new notification message. Distinguish these batches by their sequence numbers, not by value equality. On the classic API, retransmission is controlled by RepublishAfterTransfer, while initial values are requested with the transfer call's sendInitialValues argument. Deferring acknowledgements retains messages for explicit Republish requests; it does not ask the server to resend them unsolicited. See OPC UA Part 4, TransferSubscriptions. The classic client acknowledges messages selected for replay only after receiving them. Messages not selected for replay are acknowledged when transfer completes; the advertised available-sequence list remains intact.

Durable subscriptions

The server converts the configured durable lifetime in hours to milliseconds before revising keep-alive and lifetime counts. The conversion uses wide arithmetic, including lifetimes longer than the UInt32 millisecond range.

SetAsDurableAsync(lifetime) records the durable intent on the wrapper and applies it synchronously to every partition that is already Created (it returns the minimum revised lifetime across those partitions). For partitions that have not yet completed their initial CreateSubscription — both the primary on a brand new subscription and any future secondary minted by the placement policy under capacity pressure — the wrapper installs an OnAfterCreateAsync hook on the partition's state machine. The state machine awaits the hook exactly once between CreateSubscription and the first CreateMonitoredItems, satisfying the OPC UA Part 4 §5.13.9 ordering rule that SetSubscriptionDurable must precede any monitored-item creation. The hook is cleared after invocation; the wrapper re-installs it on each SetAsDurableAsync call so it survives reconnect / recreate cycles. Hook failures are logged as a warning and surfaced via SubscriptionState.Modified rather than tearing the partition down.

Performance

Single-partition workloads observe no overhead from the wrapper — the composite collection short-circuits to the primary's own collection without taking any extra locks or building indexes. Multi-partition workloads pay:

• One semaphore acquire/release per notification callback (small).
• O(P) partition scans for TryGetMonitoredItemByName / TryGetMonitoredItemByClientHandle misses against the composite index (P is typically single-digit).
• One extra Subscription instance per partition (each holds its own state machine, ack queue position, and notification pipeline).

Limitations and roadmap

Cross-partition SetTriggering is rejected by design: per OPC UA Part 4 §5.13.6 the service is scoped to a single server-side subscription, and re-grouping already-placed items would require delete + recreate (losing per-item server ids and briefly stopping publishing). Plan Affinity up-front for items that need to participate in a triggering relationship; the engine will keep the group co-located for the lifetime of the wrapper.

This is the only multi-partition feature gap — single-partition workloads cover the vast majority of OPC UA client use cases unchanged.

Classic → V2 surface mapping

This section is the working reference for porting classic (Opc.Ua.Client.Subscription / Opc.Ua.Client.MonitoredItem) code to the V2 surface (Opc.Ua.Client.Subscriptions.ISubscription / Opc.Ua.Client.Subscriptions.MonitoredItems.IMonitoredItem). The tables describe today's APIs side-by-side; "not on V2" rows record behaviour the V2 engine replaces by design (handler-centric, channel-based pipeline, snapshot/restore, options-monitor-driven reconciliation, etc.) along with the recommended V2 alternative.

Subscription lifecycle

Classic	V2
new Subscription(template) + Session.AddSubscription(s) + s.CreateAsync()	ISubscriptionManager.Add(handler, IOptionsMonitor<SubscriptionOptions>) — V2 creates the subscription on the server asynchronously; callers poll subscription.Created (or attach an OnSubscriptionStateChangedAsync handler).
Session.RemoveSubscriptionAsync(s)	await subscription.DisposeAsync() — V2 removal is dispose-on-subscription.
s.CreateAsync(ct) / s.ModifyAsync(ct) / s.DeleteAsync(silent, ct)	Implicit via Add / options push / DisposeAsync. No explicit V2 calls — behaviour is driven by options + lifecycle.
s.SetPublishingModeAsync(bool, ct)	Push SubscriptionOptions { PublishingEnabled = ... } via the IOptionsMonitor<SubscriptionOptions>. The V2 manager picks up the change automatically.
s.ChangesPending / s.ChangesCompleted()	Not on V2 (the engine is fully push-driven; no "pending changes" concept). Callers wait on the side-effect (e.g. IMonitoredItem.Created, options-monitor change tokens).

Notifications and callbacks

Classic	V2
s.FastDataChangeCallback (delegate)	ISubscriptionNotificationHandler.OnDataChangeNotificationAsync(...)
s.FastKeepAliveCallback (delegate)	ISubscriptionNotificationHandler.OnKeepAliveNotificationAsync(...)
s.FastEventCallback	ISubscriptionNotificationHandler.OnEventDataNotificationAsync(...)
item.Notification += handler (per-item event)	Per-item dispatch through the handler with DataValueChange.MonitoredItem to identify the source.
s.PublishStatusChanged / s.StateChanged events	Unified into a single callback ISubscriptionNotificationHandler.OnSubscriptionStateChangedAsync(ISubscription, SubscriptionState, PublishState, CancellationToken) that surfaces lifecycle (Opened / Created / Modified / Deleted) and publish-state (Republish / Recovered / Transferred) transitions.
item.DequeueValues() (client-side cache)	Not on V2 — values stream into the handler. The handler is the cache; callers retain whatever they need.
s.LastNotification / s.Notifications / s.LastNotificationTime	Not on ISubscription. The manager exposes MissingMessageCount / RepublishMessageCount; handlers maintain their own derived state (e.g. via the publishTime arg on each callback).
s.PublishingStopped	Not exposed as a property. Handlers derive it from OnSubscriptionStateChangedAsync (the PublishState mask flips between Republish / Recovered / Transferred).

Subscription-level service operations

Classic	V2
s.RepublishAsync(seq, ct)	Not on V2. The V2 engine auto-republishes on gap detection via MessageProcessor.TryRepublishAsync; there is no user-driven variant. Callers needing raw access can call session.RepublishAsync(null, subscriptionId, seq, ct).
s.ResendDataAsync(ct)	Not on V2. Callers needing raw access call session.CallAsync(null, ResendData methodId, ...).
s.ConditionRefreshAsync(ct)	s.ConditionRefreshAsync(ct) — same shape.
s.ConditionRefresh2Async(monitoredItemId, ct)	item.ConditionRefreshAsync(ct) on IMonitoredItem (per-item; no monitoredItemId arg needed).
s.SetTriggeringAsync(triggering, links, removes, ct) returning SetTriggeringResponse	ISubscription.SetTriggeringAsync(IMonitoredItem triggeringItem, IReadOnlyCollection<IMonitoredItem>? linksToAdd, IReadOnlyCollection<IMonitoredItem>? linksToRemove, CancellationToken ct) returning SetTriggeringResult with per-link statuses; plus name-based fluent overloads; plus the declarative MonitoredItemOptions.TriggeredByNames option (see Triggering). Supports N:M via IMonitoredItem.TriggeringItems plural; batches per-triggering-item requests; replays automatically on recreate/reconnect.
s.TransferAsync(target, sendInitialValues, ct)	Configure transfer-on-recreate via ManagedSessionBuilder.WithTransferSubscriptionsOnRecreate(true). The per-call sendInitialValues toggle lives on SubscriptionOptions.SendInitialValuesOnTransfer (default false).
s.SetSubscriptionDurableAsync(...)	ISubscription.SetAsDurableAsync(TimeSpan lifetime, CancellationToken ct = default) → revised lifetime hours.
s.SaveMessageInCache(...)	Not on V2 (classic internal). The V2 message pipeline is channel-based with no replay cache.

Monitored-item management

Classic	V2
s.AddItem(item) / s.AddItems(IEnumerable)	s.MonitoredItems.TryAdd(name, IOptionsMonitor<MonitoredItemOptions>, out IMonitoredItem) — V2 keys items by a caller-supplied stable string name. Fluent helper: s.TryAddMonitoredItem(name, nodeId, configure, out _).
s.RemoveItem(item) / s.RemoveItems(...)	s.MonitoredItems.TryRemove(clientHandle).
s.ApplyChangesAsync(ct)	Not needed — V2 batches automatically via the options monitor.
s.CreateItemsAsync(ct) / s.ModifyItemsAsync(ct) / s.DeleteItemsAsync(...)	Implicit via TryAdd / options push / TryRemove.
s.SetMonitoringModeAsync(mode, ids, ct)	Push MonitoredItemOptions { MonitoringMode = ... } per item.
s.ResolveItemNodeIdsAsync(ct)	Not on V2 — callers resolve RelativePath to NodeId ahead of time via Browse / TranslateBrowsePathsToNodeIds.
s.MonitoredItems / s.MonitoredItemCount	s.MonitoredItems.Items / s.MonitoredItems.Count.

Per-item runtime

Classic	V2
item.ClientHandle	IMonitoredItem.ClientHandle.
item.ServerId	IMonitoredItem.ServerId.
item.Status.Error / item.Status.Created / item.Status.Id	IMonitoredItem.Error / Created / ServerId.
item.AttributesModified	Not on V2 — reconciliation is driven by IOptionsMonitor<MonitoredItemOptions> change tokens; there is no "modified" flag to query.
item.Filter round-trip	IMonitoredItem.FilterResult.
item.DequeueValues() / item.LastValue	Not on V2 — values flow through ISubscriptionNotificationHandler.OnDataChangeNotificationAsync(...); the handler decides what to retain.
item.Notification += ... (event)	Per-item dispatch through OnDataChangeNotificationAsync with DataValueChange.MonitoredItem.
item.GetEventTypeAsync / GetFieldValue / GetEventTime / GetFieldName	Not on V2 IMonitoredItem — event-field helpers are caller-side. For typed Part 9 alarm records use AlarmStreamExtensions.SubscribeAlarmsAsync.
item.TriggeringItemId / item.TriggeredItems (1:1)	IMonitoredItem.TriggeringItems (plural, N:M) and IMonitoredItem.TriggeredItems (reverse "items I trigger") — both on-demand projections by stable name. Matches OPC UA Part 4 §5.13.5 N:M; runtime desired-state mutations from imperative SetTriggeringAsync are immediately visible.

Persistence (save / load)

Classic snapshots preserve the original resolved target of relative-path items as SDK-owned metadata. Session.Load(..., transferSubscriptions: true) restores ResolvedNodeId and Status.NodeId on the local monitored-item objects before TransferSubscriptionsAsync or ReactivateSubscriptionsAsync is called. These operations use the saved handles without translating the path again, so a changed browse relationship or lost browse permission does not retarget an existing server monitored item.

// Before deliberately closing the origin session:
origin.DeleteSubscriptionsOnClose = false;
origin.Save(snapshotStream, origin.Subscriptions);

// With a connected target session and the snapshot stream positioned at its start:
var restored = new SubscriptionCollection(
    target.Load(snapshotStream, transferSubscriptions: true));
if (!await target.TransferSubscriptionsAsync(restored, sendInitialValues: true, ct))
{
    throw new ServiceResultException(StatusCodes.BadSubscriptionIdInvalid);
}

foreach (Subscription subscription in restored)
{
    await subscription.ApplyChangesAsync(ct);
}

Attach notification handlers after loading and before transfer. Loading only restores local objects; it does not perform the server transfer. For a restored session, use ReactivateSubscriptionsAsync after reactivating that session instead. No call to ResolveItemNodeIdsAsync or a resolution-state setter is needed for transfer, reactivation, or subsequent maintenance.

Loading for recreation or creating a replacement server subscription resolves paths afresh instead of reusing the saved target. Changing StartNodeId or RelativePath on a created item, or while its creation is in flight, throws BadInvalidState immediately; assigning the same value is allowed. Delete the server item successfully before changing its target, or replace the item. Failed deletion retains its handle and target for retry.

Classic	V2
session.Save(Stream, IEnumerable<Subscription>) (BinaryEncoder + SubscriptionState.Encode)	ISubscriptionManager.SaveAsync(Stream, IServiceMessageContext, IEnumerable<ISubscription>?, CancellationToken), with fluent ManagedSession.SaveSubscriptionsAsync(stream) extension.
session.Load(Stream, bool transferSubscriptions)	ISubscriptionManager.LoadAsync(Stream, IServiceMessageContext, handlerFactory, transferSubscriptions, CancellationToken), with fluent ManagedSession.LoadSubscriptionsAsync(stream, factory, transfer, ct). Recreate (false) and transfer (true via TransferSubscriptions; falls back to recreate on Bad_SubscriptionIdInvalid / Bad_ServiceUnsupported) both work end-to-end.
s.Snapshot(out SubscriptionState) / s.Restore(SubscriptionState)	ISubscription.Snapshot() → SubscriptionStateSnapshot; ISubscriptionManager.RestoreAsync(handler, state, transfer, ct); per-item IMonitoredItem.Snapshot() → MonitoredItemStateSnapshot. Fluent: ManagedSession.SnapshotSubscriptions() / RestoreSubscriptionsAsync(states, factory, transfer, ct).
Triggering survives save/load	Classic: MonitoredItemState.TriggeredItems (server-id based, 1:1). V2: MonitoredItemStateSnapshot.TriggeredByNames (name based, N:M; round-trips through the binary encoder; replays automatically on recreate, see Save / load / restore behavior).

Tuning knobs

Classic	V2
s.MaxMessageCount	Not on V2 — the channel-based pipeline uses an unbounded queue with backpressure.
s.MinLifetimeInterval (property)	SubscriptionOptions.MinLifetimeInterval.
s.DisableMonitoredItemCache	Not on V2 — there is no per-item cache to disable (the handler is the cache).
s.SequentialPublishing	Always-on. The V2 prioritized publish-ack channel guarantees per-subscription in-order delivery; documented on ISubscriptionNotificationHandler.
s.RepublishAfterTransfer	Implicit and always-on; no opt-out. When TransferSubscriptions succeeds, the V2 engine immediately republishes every sequence number the server reports as still available in its retransmission queue (MessageProcessor.RecoverTransferredMessagesAsync), so a subscription that stays quiet - or only emits keep-alives - after the transfer still recovers the pending notifications. Gaps detected later are filled by MessageProcessor.TryRepublishAsync.
s.OutstandingMessageWorkers (per-subscription)	Manager-wide PublishWorkerCount.
s.Id / s.TransferId	ISubscription.ServerId (uint).
s.Handle (caller bookkeeping)	Not on ISubscription. Callers keep a side dictionary keyed by the item Name.

Engine wiring

Classic	V2
Session.SubscriptionEngineFactory defaulted to ClassicSubscriptionEngineFactory.Instance	Defaulted to DefaultSubscriptionEngineFactory.Instance on ManagedSession. Raw Session constructed with DefaultSessionFactory defaults to classic for backwards compatibility; opt in by passing SubscriptionEngineFactory = DefaultSubscriptionEngineFactory.Instance.
Session.AddSubscription(Subscription) (classic-typed)	Unchanged — classic subscriptions are still added via this API on classic-engine sessions. On a V2-engine ManagedSession, classic subscriptions are bridged onto the V2 publish pipeline by an internal SubscriptionBridge.
ISession.TryGetSubscriptionManager (V2)	Returns the V2 manager alongside ManagedSession.Subscriptions (classic API), so both surfaces coexist on the same session.

Per-item options mapping

Every classic configurable property maps directly to a field on MonitoredItemOptions: StartNodeId, AttributeId, IndexRange, Encoding, MonitoringMode, SamplingInterval, Filter, QueueSize, DiscardOldest, TimestampsToReturn. The Order and Name keys are V2-only (the latter is the dictionary key used by IMonitoredItemCollection). item.RelativePath / item.ResolveItemNodeIdsAsync / item.DisplayName are classic caller conventions with no V2 equivalent — V2 uses a stable per-item Name string instead.

Three-API summary

Aspect	Classic Subscription	V2 ISubscriptionManager	IStreamingSubscription
Notification delivery	MonitoredItem.Notification event	ISubscriptionNotificationHandler callback	IAsyncEnumerable<T>
Add monitored item	subscription.AddItem(item); ApplyChanges()	subscription.MonitoredItems.TryAdd(name, options, out _)	streaming.SubscribeXxxAsync(...)
Remove monitored item	subscription.RemoveItem(item); ApplyChanges()	subscription.MonitoredItems.TryRemove(handle)	Dispose enumerator
Triggering API	SetTriggeringAsync(MonitoredItem, ArrayOf<MonitoredItem>, ArrayOf<MonitoredItem>, ct) (1:1 from triggered side via MonitoredItem.TriggeringItemId)	SetTriggeringAsync(IMonitoredItem, IReadOnlyCollection<IMonitoredItem>?, IReadOnlyCollection<IMonitoredItem>?, ct) returning SetTriggeringResult; declarative MonitoredItemOptions.TriggeredByNames; N:M	n/a (use the underlying V2 subscription)
Save / restore triggering	MonitoredItemState.TriggeredItems (server-id based)	MonitoredItemStateSnapshot.TriggeredByNames (name based, N:M, round-trips through binary encoder)	n/a
Reconnect / transfer triggering replay	RestoreTriggeringAsync re-issues SetTriggering after every reconnect	TransferSubscriptions: no replay (server preserves links per spec); Recreate: automatic replay	n/a
Cancellation	Manual	Per call (CT in handler)	Built-in (CT on stream)
Composition	Hand-rolled	Hand-rolled	LINQ-style helpers
Backpressure	Custom logic	Custom logic	Bounded channel internally
Best for	Legacy callers	Long-lived, multi-item subscriptions	Short-lived / wait-for-X scenarios

All three APIs can coexist on the same session — pick the one that matches the use case.

Reference

• Subscription source: src/Opc.Ua.Client/Subscription/
• Streaming source: src/Opc.Ua.Client/Subscription/Streaming/
• Helpers: src/Opc.Ua.Client/Subscription/Streaming/StreamingSubscriptionExtensions.cs
• Alarm streaming: src/Opc.Ua.Client/Alarms/AlarmStreamExtensions.cs
• Sessions architecture and engine choice: Sessions.md
• Reference client sample: samples/Reference/ConsoleReferenceClient/AlarmClientSample.cs