diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 740e4b56e..f8992f2bc 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ and adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html).
 
 ### Fixes
 
+- In JavaScript and TypeScript, a module's top-level function, variable or type that the module doesn't export is no longer linked from other files. Every form of export still counts: the `export` keyword, `export { … }` lists, `export default`, and a default-exported object. On typeorm, test fixtures' local `ColumnMetadata` used to capture `import { ColumnMetadata } from "typeorm"`; on sveltekit, an unexported `resolve` collected other files' `resolve(…)` calls; on zod, a local `z` collected the `zod` package imports.
 - Flow-typed JavaScript files (those with `@flow` in their header comment) are now parsed like TypeScript, so type annotations like `render(): React.Node` no longer cut classes short. This mostly affects React Native code: on React Native's own libraries the graph gained over 8,000 links, and component classes keep their methods. Files without the pragma are unchanged. Re-index after upgrading.
 - In Scala, a call reached by its name alone now stays in reach. A name that the enclosing function binds as a parameter or local (`f(true)` for `f: A => B`) is that local. A call later in a chain, like `fa.iterator.map(…)`, reaches only a member of what its receiver is named after. A plain call reaches only the enclosing class and its supertypes (an anonymous subclass's base included), a companion, or an imported object. On cats, parameter calls like `f(a)` used to land on a case class's field `f` over 400 times, and chained `.map(…)` on one ops class's `map`.
 - A link made by a framework or bridge resolver now records which one made it (`metadata.framework`, such as `swift-objc-bridge` or `react-native-bridge`), as the README describes. Before, only synthesized event and view channels were named.
diff --git a/__tests__/esm-unexported-binding.test.ts b/__tests__/esm-unexported-binding.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..05573340e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/__tests__/esm-unexported-binding.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+/**
+ * A top-level binding an ES module doesn't export can't be named from another
+ * file. sveltekit's `generate_manifest.js` keeps an unexported `resolve` that
+ * other files' `resolve(…)` calls went to; typeorm's test inputs' local
+ * `ColumnMetadata` took `import { ColumnMetadata } from "typeorm"`. Exported
+ * forms all still count: the `export` keyword, `export { a as b }`,
+ * `export default x`, `export default { a, b }`; so do classic scripts,
+ * CommonJS files and functions assigned onto a prototype.
+ */
+import { describe, it, expect, afterAll, beforeAll } from 'vitest';
+import * as fs from 'fs';
+import * as os from 'os';
+import * as path from 'path';
+import { CodeGraph } from '../src';
+
+let root = '';
+let cg: CodeGraph;
+
+beforeAll(async () => {
+  root = fs.mkdtempSync(path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'cg-esm-unexported-'));
+  const files: Record<string, string> = {
+    'package.json': JSON.stringify({ name: 'app', type: 'module' }),
+    'src/manifest.js': `import { join } from 'node:path';
+function resolve(event) { return join(event); }
+export function manifest() { return resolve('x'); }
+`,
+    'src/adapters.js': `import { a } from './a.js';
+function getAdapter(name) { return name; }
+export default { getAdapter };
+`,
+    'src/listed.js': `import { a } from './a.js';
+function helper() { return 1; }
+export { helper };
+`,
+    'src/proto.js': `import { a } from './a.js';
+function Params() {}
+const prototype = Params.prototype;
+prototype.render = function render() { return ''; };
+export default Params;
+`,
+    'src/a.js': `export const a = 1;
+`,
+    'src/use.js': `import { helper } from './listed.js';
+import Params from './proto.js';
+export async function handle(event) {
+  await resolve(event);
+  getAdapter('xhr');
+  helper();
+  new Params().render();
+}
+`,
+  };
+  for (const [rel, content] of Object.entries(files)) {
+    fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(path.join(root, rel)), { recursive: true });
+    fs.writeFileSync(path.join(root, rel), content);
+  }
+  cg = await CodeGraph.init(root, { index: true });
+});
+
+afterAll(() => {
+  cg?.close();
+  if (root) fs.rmSync(root, { recursive: true, force: true });
+});
+
+describe('unexported ES module bindings', () => {
+  it('are not reached from another file; every export form still is', () => {
+    const handle = cg.getNodesInFile('src/use.js').find((n) => n.name === 'handle')!;
+    const targets = cg
+      .getOutgoingEdges(handle.id)
+      .filter((e) => e.kind === 'calls')
+      .map((e) => `${cg.getNode(e.target)!.filePath}:${cg.getNode(e.target)!.name}`);
+    expect(targets).not.toContain('src/manifest.js:resolve');
+    expect(targets).toContain('src/adapters.js:getAdapter');
+    expect(targets).toContain('src/listed.js:helper');
+    expect(targets).toContain('src/proto.js:render');
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/resolution/name-matcher.ts b/src/resolution/name-matcher.ts
index 777024db0..42f98a0cc 100644
--- a/src/resolution/name-matcher.ts
+++ b/src/resolution/name-matcher.ts
@@ -781,10 +781,68 @@ function isCrossFileReachable(
   return (
     candidate.filePath === ref.filePath ||
     !ESM_FAMILY.has(candidate.language) ||
-    !isSealedModule(candidate.filePath, context)
+    (!isSealedModule(candidate.filePath, context) && !isUnexportedModuleBinding(candidate, context))
   );
 }
 
+const ESM_BINDING_KINDS: ReadonlySet<string> = new Set(['function', 'variable', 'constant', 'class', 'interface', 'type_alias', 'enum', 'component']);
+const ESM_EXPORT_LISTS = new WeakMap<ResolutionContext, Map<string, { module: boolean; names: Set<string> }>>();
+
+/**
+ * Whether `candidate` is a top-level binding of an ES module that the module
+ * doesn't export — declared without `export` and absent from its `export { … }`
+ * / `export default x` lists. No other file can name it. The sealed-module
+ * rule above covers files that export nothing; this is the same boundary per
+ * symbol: sveltekit's `generate_manifest.js` keeps an unexported `resolve`
+ * that twenty other files' `resolve(…)` calls went to. Classic scripts,
+ * CommonJS, `declare global` and `.d.ts` files, members of a class or
+ * namespace (qualified names), names a default-exported object literal lists,
+ * and anything not declared by a statement of its own (an object literal's
+ * member, `proto.x = function x() {}`) are exempt.
+ */
+function isUnexportedModuleBinding(candidate: Node, context: ResolutionContext): boolean {
+  if (candidate.isExported || !ESM_BINDING_KINDS.has(candidate.kind)) return false;
+  if (candidate.qualifiedName.includes('::') || /\.d\.[cm]?ts$/.test(candidate.filePath)) return false;
+  let memo = ESM_EXPORT_LISTS.get(context);
+  if (!memo) ESM_EXPORT_LISTS.set(context, (memo = new Map()));
+  let info = memo.get(candidate.filePath);
+  if (!info) {
+    const source = context.readFile(candidate.filePath) ?? '';
+    const code = blankStringContents(stripCommentsForRegex(source, 'typescript'));
+    const module = (HAS_IMPORT_STATEMENT.test(code) || HAS_ESM_EXPORT.test(code)) &&
+      !HAS_CJS_EXPORT.test(source) && !/\bdeclare\s+global\b/.test(code);
+    const names = new Set<string>();
+    if (module) {
+      for (const m of source.matchAll(/^[ \t]*export\s+(?:type\s+)?\{([^}]*)\}/gm)) {
+        for (const item of m[1]!.split(',')) {
+          const local = item.trim().replace(/^type\s+/, '').split(/\s+as\s+/)[0]!.trim();
+          if (local) names.add(local);
+        }
+      }
+      for (const m of source.matchAll(/^[ \t]*export\s+(?:default|=)\s+([A-Za-z_$][\w$]*)\s*;?\s*$/gm)) names.add(m[1]!);
+      // `export default { getAdapter, adapters: known }` exposes its shorthand and value names.
+      for (const m of code.matchAll(/^[ \t]*export\s+default\s+\{([^}]*)\}/gm)) {
+        for (const item of m[1]!.split(',')) {
+          const value = item.includes(':') ? item.split(':').pop()! : item;
+          const id = /^\s*([A-Za-z_$][\w$]*)\s*$/.exec(value)?.[1];
+          if (id) names.add(id);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    info = { module, names };
+    memo.set(candidate.filePath, info);
+  }
+  if (!info.module || info.names.has(candidate.name)) return false;
+  const line = (context.getFileLines?.(candidate.filePath) ?? context.readFile(candidate.filePath)?.split('\n'))?.[candidate.startLine - 1] ?? '';
+  // Its own line says `export` (a node's flag can miss a form), or it is
+  // `prototype.toString = function toString() {…}`, reached through instances.
+  if (/^\s*export\b/.test(line)) return false;
+  // Only a declaration statement is a module binding: an object literal's
+  // member (a zustand store action `setZipUri: (v) => set(…)`) is reached
+  // through the object, and so is `proto.x = function x() {}`.
+  return /^\s*(?:declare\s+)?(?:async\s+)?(?:function\*?|const|let|var|(?:abstract\s+)?class|interface|type|enum)\s/.test(line);
+}
+
 const LUA_LOCALS = new WeakMap<ResolutionContext, Map<string, boolean>>();
 
 /** Whether a Lua variable or function is declared `local` (`local x = …`, `local function f`, `local a, x = …`). */
@@ -3709,6 +3767,7 @@ export function clearNameMatcherMemos(context: ResolutionContext): void {
   CSHARP_STATIC_USINGS.delete(context);
   SCALA_SUPERS.delete(context);
   SCALA_IMPORTS.delete(context);
+  ESM_EXPORT_LISTS.delete(context);
   LUA_LOCALS.delete(context);
   PHP_FILE_SCOPES.delete(context);
   JAVA_STATIC_IMPORTS.delete(context);