Files
UA-.NETStandard/fuzzing/Fuzzing.md
Marc SchierandCopilot ea0f266b66 Move build and test to the Azure DevOps managed pool and replace Codecov with an in-pipeline coverage gate (#4122)
# Description

Moves the all-target-framework build, the cross-platform test matrix and
the Native AoT run from GitHub Actions onto the Azure DevOps
`netstandard` Managed DevOps Pool, and replaces Codecov with a coverage
gate that runs inside the pipeline.

## 1. CI backend switch

One conceptual switch decides who owns that work. It is checked into
source in **two places that must be flipped together**:

| File | Setting | Default |
| --- | --- | --- |
| `azure-pipelines.yml` | `parameters.ciBuildBackend` | `ado` |
| `.github/workflows/buildandtest.yml` | `env.CI_BUILD_BACKEND` | `ado`
|

Setting both to `actions` restores the previous behaviour exactly.

Azure Pipelines gains what it was missing to take the work over:

- A **Linux all-TFM `sln.yml` leg**, replacing `build-all-tfm-linux`.
`sln.yml` gets a `configurations` parameter so this leg builds `Release`
only instead of doubling the managed-pool job count.
- A **Linux agent in the `net10.0` `testfastpr` matrix**, replacing the
ubuntu `build-and-test` job.
- **Native AoT and Code Coverage now gate pull requests** instead of
running only on Schedule/Manual. The coverage stage drops its
`testdebug` dependency, which is Schedule/Manual-only and would
otherwise have skipped coverage on every PR.
- On a PR, Windows builds the .NET Framework TFMs and Linux the modern
ones — mirroring the split the GitHub Actions jobs used — so all seven
TFMs stay covered without fanning every TFM across both pools.

Two things are deliberately **not** covered by the switch:

- **macOS** stays on GitHub-hosted runners, because Managed DevOps Pools
provide no macOS image.
- **`master378` and `develop/*`** keep running the GitHub Actions jobs,
since Azure Pipelines only builds `master`/`main` from this file.

GitHub Actions does not expose the `env` context to job-level `if:`
conditions, so the switch is resolved once in the existing `discover`
job and re-exported as job outputs.

A new **`build-and-test summary`** job gives branch protection one
stable check to require, instead of the generated matrix job names. It
treats an intentionally skipped job as success but still fails on a real
failure or cancellation.

The `paths:` allow-list was moved off the `pull_request` trigger and
into `discover`. A workflow filtered out by `paths` never reports its
checks, and a required check that never reports leaves a PR permanently
*"Expected — waiting for status to be reported"*. That would have made
the routine "ratchet the coverage floor" PR (which touches only
`coverage-thresholds.json` and docs) unmergeable.

## 2. Coverage gate replacing Codecov

Codecov is removed entirely — `codecov.yml`, both uploads, the badge,
and the token usage. `.azurepipelines/check-coverage.ps1` runs at the
end of the `Code Coverage` stage against the Cobertura report
ReportGenerator already merges, driven by `coverage-thresholds.json`:

| Check | Behaviour |
| --- | --- |
| Project floor | **Blocking** — total line and branch rates against an
absolute floor. |
| Patch coverage | **Blocking on PRs** — changed lines must reach
`patch.target`, tolerating `patch.threshold` percentage points (the same
semantics `codecov/patch` had). |
| Baseline delta | **Advisory** — reports the change against the
recorded baseline, never fails. |

The project rate is recomputed from the per-line data rather than read
off the Cobertura root element, so the `ignore` globs carried over from
`codecov.yml` apply to the project floor as well as to the changed-lines
gate — otherwise samples and generated code would count towards one gate
but not the other.

`testcc.yml` gains an explicit `checkout: self` with `fetchDepth: 0`,
because the default shallow clone cannot diff against the base branch.

## Follow-up actions for maintainers

Two items cannot be automated from source:

1. **Enable the `/azp run` gate.** In the Azure DevOps portal: pipeline
→ **More actions** → **Triggers** → **Pull request validation** →
**Require a team member's comment before building a pull request**,
scoped to *Only on pull requests from non-team members*. This makes
Copilot-authored and outside-contributor PRs wait for a maintainer's
`/azp run`, mirroring the approval GitHub Actions already requires. The
documentation added here describes the workflow and the
private-org-membership gotcha; **the setting itself still has to be
switched on.**
2. **Update branch protection and secrets.** Drop the `codecov/project`
and `codecov/patch` required checks, require `build-and-test summary`
and the ADO coverage check instead, and remove `CODECOV_TOKEN` from the
GitHub repository secrets and the ADO variable group.

Also note the thresholds in `coverage-thresholds.json` are seeded from
the last Codecov reading (73.61 %) with headroom, because the
in-pipeline number had not been observed yet. The first full `Code
Coverage` run on master should confirm it and the floors should be
tightened then — the gate prints the exact figure it computes.

## Related Issues

_No tracking issue; this is CI infrastructure work requested directly._

## Checklist

- [x] I have signed the
[CLA](https://opcfoundation.org/license/cla/ContributorLicenseAgreementv1.0.pdf)
and read the
[CONTRIBUTING](https://github.com/OPCFoundation/UA-.NETStandard/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md)
doc.
- [x] I have added tests that prove my fix is effective or that my
feature works and increased code coverage.
- No product code changed, so there are no unit tests to add. The new
logic was verified with purpose-built harnesses instead:
- All 8 branch/event/backend combinations of the `discover` switch,
confirming `master378` and `develop/*` are untouched and that `actions`
restores the old behaviour.
- 12 scenarios for `check-coverage.ps1`: the project floor, the patch
gate, ignore globs applying to *both* gates, three path-normalization
shapes, and the advisory delta.
- 14 path-relevance cases confirming the in-job filter matches the
retired `paths:` allow-list exactly.
- End-to-end against a **real** ReportGenerator report: correctly
resolved `src/Opc.Ua.PubSub/DependencyInjection/PubSubBuilder.cs`, found
exactly the four modified tracked lines and reported 50 % patch coverage
(2 covered, 2 uncovered).
- [x] I have added all necessary documentation.
- New **Continuous integration** section in `docs/DeveloperGuide.md`, a
CI note in `CONTRIBUTING.md`, and links from `docs/README.md`. Also
corrected the CI matrix description, which claimed the PR gate ran net48
+ **net8.0** — it runs net48 + **net10.0**.
- [x] I have verified that my changes do not introduce (new) build or
analyzer warnings.
- `dotnet build src/Opc.Ua.Server` → 0 warnings, 0 errors. No product
code changed.
- [ ] I ran **all** tests locally using the **UA.slnx** solution against
at least .net **framework** and .net **10**, and all passed.
- Not applicable — no product code changed. `Opc.Ua.Server.Tests` was
run on net10.0 during development (3480 passed; the single
`ServerFluentApiHostingTests` failure is pre-existing and reproduces on
master).
- [ ] I fixed **all** failing and flaky tests in the CI pipelines and
**all** CodeQL warnings.
- [x] I have addressed **all** PR feedback received.
- A review pass over this branch flagged the `paths:`-filter deadlock
described above; it is fixed in `1926e240e`.

---------

Co-authored-by: Copilot <223556219+Copilot@users.noreply.github.com>
Copilot-Session: 181ba7ea-c72f-42d7-a737-00a3faadaa17
Copilot-Session: 26aa55a2-5731-4a4c-b61c-df2f7a785eca
2026-07-31 21:06:25 +00:00

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# Fuzz testing for UA.NET Standard
This project provides integration of [SharpFuzz](https://github.com/Metalnem/sharpfuzz) with the
UA.NET Standard libraries, with support for both [afl-fuzz](https://lcamtuf.coredump.cx/afl/) and
[libFuzzer](https://llvm.org/docs/LibFuzzer.html). Each fuzz area lives directly under `fuzzing/`
as four sibling folders — host (`*.Fuzz`), corpus (`*.Fuzz.Corpus`), test fixture (`*.Fuzz.Tests`),
and tools (`*.Fuzz.Tools`) — and shares a generic NUnit replay harness plus the SharpFuzz host
under `Common/`.
## Areas
| Area | Surface | Status |
|------|---------|--------|
| `Opc.Ua.Encoders.Fuzz` | BinaryDecoder / JsonDecoder / XmlDecoder + idempotent round-trip, individual built-in type readers (NodeId, ExpandedNodeId, Variant, ExtensionObject, DataValue, DiagnosticInfo, QualifiedName, LocalizedText) and parser entry points (`NodeId.Parse`, `ExpandedNodeId.Parse`, `RelativePathFormatter.Parse`, `QualifiedName.Parse`, `NumericRange.Parse`, `Uuid` round-trip) | shipped |
| `Opc.Ua.Certificates.Fuzz` | `X509CRL` decode + extensions (`X509SubjectAltNameExtension`, `X509AuthorityKeyIdentifierExtension`, `X509CrlNumberExtension`), `PEMReader` cert/key import, `Pkcs10CertificationRequest`, low-level `AsnUtils` helpers | shipped |
| `Opc.Ua.Network.Fuzz` | OPC UA UA-SC / TCP framing via `Opc.Ua.Core.Diagnostics` (`OpcUaFrameParser`, `TcpStreamReassembler`, `OfflineSecureChannel.ReadChunk`, `ServiceCallReassembler`, `MockServerReplay`/`MockClientReplay` stateful drivers) and the `Opc.Ua.Core` UA-SC parse seam (`TcpMessageParsers.TryParseChunkHeader` / `ReadHelloMessage` / `ReadAcknowledgeMessage` / `ReadErrorMessage` / `ReadReverseHelloMessage` / `ReadAsymmetricMessageHeader`) | shipped |
`Encoders` and `Certificates` build for the repo's standard `TestsTargetFrameworks` matrix
(`net48`, `net8.0`, `net9.0`, `net10.0`). `Network` is `net8.0;net9.0;net10.0` only because
`Opc.Ua.Core.Diagnostics` does not target .NET Framework.
## Directory layout
```
fuzzing/
Fuzzing.md # this file
Common/ # shared source (no csproj)
Fuzz/
Program.cs, FuzzMethods.cs # SharpFuzz host
Fuzz.Tests/
FuzzTargetTestsBase.cs, FuzzTargetFunction.cs
TestcaseAsset.cs, TestAssetUtils.cs # generic NUnit harness
Fuzz.Tools/
Program.cs, Playback.cs, Logging.cs, Testcases.cs # Tools host
Dictionaries/ # libFuzzer / afl dictionaries
asn1.dict binary.dict json.dict nodeid.dict
tcp.dict uasc.dict xml.dict
Scripts/ # area-agnostic runners
fuzz-afl.ps1 fuzz-libfuzzer.ps1 fuzz-menu.ps1
install.sh readme.txt
Opc.Ua.Encoders.Fuzz/ # csproj + FuzzableCode partials
Opc.Ua.Encoders.Fuzz.Corpus/ # seed corpus (Testcases.*/)
Opc.Ua.Encoders.Fuzz.Tests/ # deterministic NUnit replay
Opc.Ua.Encoders.Fuzz.Tools/ # corpus generator + playback
Opc.Ua.Certificates.Fuzz/ Opc.Ua.Certificates.Fuzz.Corpus/
Opc.Ua.Certificates.Fuzz.Tests/ Opc.Ua.Certificates.Fuzz.Tools/
Opc.Ua.Network.Fuzz/ Opc.Ua.Network.Fuzz.Corpus/
Opc.Ua.Network.Fuzz.Tests/ Opc.Ua.Network.Fuzz.Tools/
```
The flat layout matches the rest of the repository (`tests/`, `src/`, `src/` also list
projects directly under the root with no domain grouping). Every csproj folder name equals the
csproj filename (without the `.csproj` extension), and every assembly is prefixed with `Opc.Ua.`
in line with the repo's `AssemblyPrefix` convention.
Each area's `*.Fuzz` project hosts `FuzzableCode.*.cs` partials whose `public static` methods
with a single parameter of type `Stream` (afl), `string` (afl), or `ReadOnlySpan<byte>`
(libFuzzer) are auto-discovered by:
* the SharpFuzz host (`Common/Fuzz/Program.cs`) at fuzz-run time, and
* the generic NUnit harness (`Common/Fuzz.Tests/FuzzTargetTestsBase.cs`) at test time —
every target is replayed against the area's `*.Fuzz.Corpus/Testcases.*/` corpus plus
crash/timeout assets, with no per-area test code required.
Each area's `*.Fuzz.Tests` is therefore a single thin subclass:
```csharp
[TestFixture]
[Category("Fuzzing")]
public class EncoderTests : FuzzTargetTestsBase
{
[DatapointSource]
public static readonly FuzzTargetFunction[] FuzzableFunctions =
CreateFuzzTargetFunctions(typeof(FuzzableCode));
protected override Type FuzzableCodeType => typeof(FuzzableCode);
}
```
## How to add a new fuzz area
1. **Pick a surface.** Anything that takes untrusted input (bytes, string, or stream) is a
candidate. Prefer surfaces with deterministic output and bounded resource usage.
2. **Copy the four `Opc.Ua.Encoders.Fuzz*` folders** to `Opc.Ua.<NewArea>.Fuzz*`. Rename the
three csproj files and update `<AssemblyName>` (keep the `Opc.Ua.` prefix) and
`<RootNamespace>`.
3. **Replace `FuzzableCode.*.cs`** with your area's targets. Naming convention:
`Aflfuzz<Target>(Stream|string)` for afl-fuzz and `Libfuzz<Target>(ReadOnlySpan<byte>)`
for libFuzzer. Each target should swallow expected exceptions (`ServiceResultException`
with `BadDecodingError` / `BadEncodingLimitsExceeded`, `CryptographicException`,
`FormatException`, `ArgumentException`) and let unexpected ones bubble — that's what
the fuzzer finds.
4. **Subclass the harness.** `Opc.Ua.<NewArea>.Fuzz.Tests/<NewArea>Tests.cs` inherits from
`FuzzTargetTestsBase`, sets `FuzzableCodeType => typeof(FuzzableCode)`, and exposes the
`[DatapointSource]` `FuzzableFunctions` field with
`CreateFuzzTargetFunctions(typeof(FuzzableCode))`.
5. **Generate seeds.** Add `<NewArea>.Testcases.cs` to `Opc.Ua.<NewArea>.Fuzz.Tools/` that
builds valid sample inputs through the real producer code and writes them under
`Opc.Ua.<NewArea>.Fuzz.Corpus/Testcases.<Bucket>/`. Each `Testcases.*/` subdirectory becomes
a logical seed bucket and is auto-discovered by
`TestAssetUtils.DiscoverTestcaseEncoderSuffixes`.
6. **Add a dictionary.** Put `<NewArea>.dict` under `fuzzing/Dictionaries/` with common
tokens / magic bytes / length sentinels — this dramatically improves libFuzzer coverage
progression.
7. **Wire into `UA.slnx`.** Add the three new projects to the `/fuzzing/` folder, the
`*.dict` file under `/fuzzing/Dictionaries/`, and the seed loose files you want visible in
the IDE.
8. **Update this `Fuzzing.md`.** Add a row to the area table.
The Azure pipeline test template (`.azurepipelines/test.yml`) automatically runs every
`*.Fuzz.Tests` project under the `[Category("Fuzzing")]` filter.
## Areas in detail
### Network / Transport area — `Opc.Ua.Core.Diagnostics` + Core UA-SC seam
The Network area is unusual because it's split across two complementary entry points:
* **Phase 4a (no Core changes).** Fuzzes the public surfaces of
`src/Opc.Ua.Core.Diagnostics`: `OpcUaFrameParser.Process` (TCP → UA-SC chunk splitter),
`TcpStreamReassembler.Process` (raw TCP), `OfflineSecureChannel.ReadChunk` (UA-SC
symmetric decrypt + verify using the stack's own `UaSCUaBinaryChannel.ReadSymmetricMessage`,
so every security profile is covered for free), and `ServiceCallReassembler.Push` (chunk
→ service-call assembly with mixed sequence numbers, request ids, oversize bodies). Two
stateful replay drivers (`MockServerReplay`, `MockClientReplay`) are also wired as
libFuzzer-only targets but kept in a separate target list so the cheap stateless targets
dominate throughput.
* **Phase 4b (internal Core seam).** Adds `internal static class TcpMessageParsers` in
`src/Opc.Ua.Core/Stack/Tcp/TcpMessageParsers.cs` covering the pre-crypto, pre-auth chunk
surface the pcap binding does not expose: `TryParseChunkHeader`, `ReadHelloMessage`,
`ReadAcknowledgeMessage`, `ReadErrorMessage`, `ReadReverseHelloMessage`,
`ReadAsymmetricMessageHeader`. Surfaced to the fuzz area via
`<InternalsVisibleTo Include="Opc.Ua.Network.Fuzz" />` (and matching `*.Tools` / `*.Tests`
assemblies because the linked partials compile from every host).
#### Seed-corpus and key-material discipline
`Network.Testcases.cs` and `Transport.Testcases.cs` generate seeds from a deterministic
in-process handshake (Hello → OPN → MSG (Read/Browse) → CLO) using test certificates and
the pcap binding's `LoopbackFrameBuilder` / `CapturingMessageSocketFactory`. Outputs:
* raw TCP segments → `Opc.Ua.Network.Fuzz.Corpus/Testcases.Tcp/`
* UA-SC chunks → `Opc.Ua.Network.Fuzz.Corpus/Testcases.Chunks/`,
`Testcases.Tcp.Hello/`, `Testcases.Tcp.Ack/`, `Testcases.Tcp.Err/`, `Testcases.Tcp.Rhe/`,
`Testcases.Tcp.AsymHdr/`
* paired `ChannelKeyMaterial` JSON → `Opc.Ua.Network.Fuzz.Corpus/Testcases.Keys/`
**Never commit real keylog material.** Seed corpora use only key material generated from
the existing fixture test certificates via the binding's own multi-TFM replay helpers.
#### Dependency hygiene
The Network fuzz host references `Opc.Ua.Core.Diagnostics` (which transitively pulls
PacketDotNet + SharpPcap) but **does not** instantiate `NicCaptureSource` so the
AFL/libFuzzer process never opens raw sockets.
## Installation
### Linux (afl-fuzz + libFuzzer)
Both fuzzers are supported on Linux. afl-fuzz can be compiled on any Linux system; for
libFuzzer prebuilt binaries are available for Debian / Ubuntu / Windows from the
[libfuzzer-dotnet releases](https://github.com/Metalnem/libfuzzer-dotnet/releases).
```bash
cd <repo>/fuzzing
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install -y build-essential cmake git dotnet-sdk-10.0
# Powershell on Linux (required by the helper scripts):
# https://learn.microsoft.com/powershell/scripting/install/install-ubuntu
./Scripts/install.sh # builds afl-fuzz + installs SharpFuzz.CommandLine
```
`install.sh` downloads afl-2.52b, runs `make install`, then
`dotnet tool install --global SharpFuzz.CommandLine`. Validate with:
```bash
afl-fuzz --help
sharpfuzz
```
### Windows (libFuzzer via WSL or native)
Install the latest .NET 10 SDK / runtime, then:
```powershell
dotnet tool install --global SharpFuzz.CommandLine
```
For afl-fuzz, use WSL with the Linux instructions above.
## Running a fuzzer
The dynamic menu script lists every `FuzzableCode` static target in a built area assembly
without hardcoding target names:
```powershell
powershell -File fuzzing/Scripts/fuzz-menu.ps1 `
-AssemblyPath fuzzing/Opc.Ua.Network.Fuzz/bin/Debug/net10.0/Opc.Ua.Network.Fuzz.dll
# -Filter <regex> narrows the list; -Index <n> selects a target without prompting.
```
`Scripts/fuzz-libfuzzer.ps1` and `Scripts/fuzz-afl.ps1` accept a `-fuzztarget` parameter
matching one of the listed names:
```powershell
cd fuzzing
powershell -File Scripts/fuzz-libfuzzer.ps1 `
-libFuzzer ./libfuzzer-dotnet-windows.exe `
-project ./Opc.Ua.Encoders.Fuzz/Opc.Ua.Encoders.Fuzz.csproj `
-fuzztarget LibfuzzBinaryDecoder `
-corpus ./Opc.Ua.Encoders.Fuzz.Corpus/Testcases.Binary/
```
The fuzzer runs until a crash / timeout / Ctrl-C. libFuzzer writes findings to the current
directory with `crash-` / `timeout-` prefixes; afl-fuzz writes them to its `findings/`
directory.
## Replay of crashes and timeouts
Run the area's `*.Fuzz.Tools` project with `-p` / `-s` for playback with stack traces:
```bash
dotnet run --project fuzzing/Opc.Ua.Network.Fuzz.Tools -- --playback --stacktrace
```
The playback tool finds all crashes / timeouts in the default folders and replays them
against every libFuzzer target. Equivalent afl-fuzz seeds are skipped because they are
duplicates of the libFuzzer findings.
## Recreate or improve seeds
Run the area's `*.Fuzz.Tools` project with `-t` to (re)generate the area's `Testcases.*/`
seed corpus:
```bash
dotnet run --project fuzzing/Opc.Ua.Network.Fuzz.Tools -- --testcases
```
This re-runs the deterministic seed-generation pipeline (handshake recorder for Network,
encoder round-trip for Encoders, cert/CRL/CSR builder for Certificates) and emits
byte-stable artifacts the harness's `Testcases.*/` discovery picks up automatically. The
default output path for each area's Tools project is its own sibling
`Opc.Ua.<Area>.Fuzz.Corpus/Testcases` folder, derived from the running Tools assembly name
in `Common/Fuzz.Tools/Program.cs`.
## Automation — `fuzz-tester` custom agent
`.github/agents/fuzz-tester.agent.md` defines a GitHub Copilot custom agent that drives
this entire toolchain autonomously. It detects the host OS, picks the available engines
(libFuzzer everywhere, afl-fuzz on Linux when installed), publishes + SharpFuzz-instruments
each area's host project, enumerates `FuzzableCode` targets via
`Scripts/fuzz-menu.ps1`, launches one detached fuzz process per (area × engine × target)
tuple, and polls the per-instance work dirs under `fuzzing/.runs/` for new findings.
When the agent picks up a novel `crash-*` / `timeout-*` / `slow-unit-*` (or afl
`crashes/` / `hangs/`) file it:
1. SHA-1 dedups against every `Opc.Ua.<area>.Fuzz.Tests/Assets/<prefix>-<sha1>` already
in the repo so it never re-investigates a known regression seed.
2. Reproduces the crash locally via `dotnet run --project fuzzing/Opc.Ua.<area>.Fuzz.Tools -- --playback --stacktrace`.
3. Designs a minimal fix following every repo guideline (no SYNC-over-ASYNC,
`Span<byte>` / `ReadOnlySpan<byte>` / `ByteString` in public API, Allman + 4-space +
CRLF + MIT header on new files, no `#region`, no `[Obsolete]` usage, NativeAOT-safe,
`TreatWarningsAsErrors` clean, no exposed locks).
4. Runs a rubber-duck agent review (max 2 rounds) on the proposed diff.
5. Copies the failing input to `fuzzing/Opc.Ua.<area>.Fuzz.Tests/Assets/<prefix>-<sha1>`
so the existing harness (`FuzzCrashAssets` / `FuzzTimeoutAssets` / `FuzzSlowAssets`)
replays it through every target on every future `dotnet test` run.
6. Rebuilds and runs the three `*.Fuzz.Tests` projects on `net10.0`; the run must end at
or above the baseline 4681-test count, 0 failed.
7. Briefly re-runs the originating fuzz instance with the new asset in its corpus to
confirm the same crash is no longer reachable.
8. Commits one fix per commit (`Fuzz fix [<area>]: <root cause>`), pushes to `fuzzing`,
and resumes the still-running fuzz instances.
If a fix introduces a regression, requires a public-API change, or breaks compatibility
with the 1.5.378 baseline, the agent **pauses and prompts the user** via `ask_user`
with four options (revert / accept the regression and migrate the affected seed /
provide an alternative fix / accept the API break).
Trigger phrases: *"run the fuzz tests"*, *"start fuzzing"*, *"fuzz the encoders"*,
*"fuzz the network"*, *"fuzz the certificates"*, *"fuzz until I say stop"*,
*"react to fuzz findings"*, *"find fuzz crashes and fix them"*,
*"run libfuzzer and fix what it finds"*, *"autonomous fuzz loop"*. Stop the agent at
any time with *"stop"*, *"halt"*, *"stop fuzzing"*, *"that's enough"*.
The agent's own toolchain setup mirrors the manual `Installation` section above:
`SharpFuzz.CommandLine` global tool, the `libfuzzer-dotnet` driver under
`fuzzing/.tools/` (gitignored), and `afl-fuzz` on PATH for the AFL engine on Linux.
If any are missing AND cannot be auto-installed (air-gapped box, `sudo` not available,
…), the agent surfaces the gap and asks the user how to proceed.